German 
English 
Chinese 
Dutch 
Arabic 
Spanish 
Portuguese 
Russian 
French 
Italian 
Japanese 
Continue reading with a subscription
Get unlimited access to all our premium content and exclusive features.
Enjoy unlimited access, cancel anytime.
Zusammenfassung
- Die Bibel bietet eine differenzierte Anleitung zur Selbstverteidigung; sie erkennt das Recht an, sich selbst zu schützen, betont aber gleichzeitig Gewaltlosigkeit und die Heiligkeit des Lebens. Jesu Lehren über die Feindesliebe und das Hinhalten der anderen Wange erzeugen eine Spannung zum Konzept der Selbstverteidigung.
- Die frühen Kirchenväter befürworteten weitgehend den Pazifismus, doch spätere christliche Denker wie Augustinus entwickelten differenziertere Ansichten, die Selbstverteidigung unter bestimmten Umständen rechtfertigen konnten. Die katholische Kirche erkennt ein Recht auf Selbstverteidigung an, setzt dessen Ausübung jedoch strenge ethische Grenzen.
- Töten in Notwehr wird im biblischen und christlichen Denken im Allgemeinen nicht mit Mord gleichgesetzt, bleibt aber eine schwerwiegende Angelegenheit. Christen sind dazu aufgerufen, zunächst alle friedlichen Optionen auszuschöpfen und nur das notwendige Mindestmaß an Gewalt anzuwenden, falls Selbstverteidigung unvermeidlich wird.
- Die geistlichen und moralischen Folgen des Tötens in Notwehr können schwerwiegend sein und potenziell zu Traumata, Schuldgefühlen und einer Glaubenskrise führen. Die christliche Theologie betont jedoch Gottes Gnade und Vergebung und empfiehlt pastorale Beratung, Gebet und Unterstützung durch die Gemeinschaft zur Heilung.
Literaturverzeichnis (Zum Anzeigen klicken)
—
Bibliographie:
Ahmad, U., Rehman, H., & Khan, A. B. (2023). Legality of Anticipatory Self-Defense in International Criminal Law: Special Case Studies in Focus. Pakistan Journal of Criminal Justice.
Atsen, I. Y. (2021). Self-Defence and a Phronetic Use of Violence: A Christian Response to Muslim-mob Attacks in Northern Nigeria. International Journal of Public Theology.
Barnes, M. L. (2015). Taking a Stand?: An Initial Assessment of the Social and Racial Effects of Recent Innovations in Self-Defense Laws. Fordham Law Review, 83, 3179.
Barrett, L. C. (2022). Kierkegaard on Divine Grace, Human Agency, and Love. Studies in Christian Ethics, 35, 684–707.
Bartels, D. M., Bauman, C. W., Cushman, F., Pizarro, D. A., & Mcgraw, A. (2014). Moral Judgment and Decision Making – eScholarship.
Benz, T. A. (2020). Black Femininity and Stand Your Ground: Controlling Images and the Elusive Defense of Self-Defense. Critical Sociology, 46, 1093–1107.
Biernacki, T. (2024). PROBLEMS OF PRE-EMPTIVE SELF DEFENSE – WHEN IS USE OF FORCE PERMITTED IN SELF-DEFENSE. Roczniki Administracji i Prawa.
Boyi, J. B. (2020). The response of Christians to Islamic violence in Northern Nigeria. 1, 78–97.
Brassine, C., & Lefebvre, A. (2007). Repeated Self-Aggression of the Cutaneous Envelope: A Paradoxical Defense. 313–346.
Brooks, J. D. (2015). Deadly-Force Self-Defense and the Problem of the Silent, Subtle Provocateur. Cornell Journal of Law and Public Policy, 24, 533.
Cooney, M., Shiomi, M., Duarte, E. K., & Vinel, A. (2023). A Broad View on Robot Self-Defense: Rapid Scoping Review and Cultural Comparison. Robotics, 12, 43.
Costinescu, R. A. (2013). Christian Just War Theory’ reinterpreted from the perspective of the challenges brought by the 21st century. Humanitarian intervention and war on terror. 20, 117–124.
Demmrich, S., Ağılkaya-Şahin, Z., & Şenel, A. (2024). Love Thy Neighbor: Exploring Religious and Social Openness among Prospective Theologians in Germany and Turkey. Religions.
Døving, C. (2020). Love your Folk: The Role of ‘Conspiracy Talk’ in Communicating Nationalism. Religion and Neo-Nationalism in Europe.
Ekman, K. (2021). Enemy love and the reinvention of identity. HTS Teologiese Studies/Theological Studies.
Enemark, C. (2024). Returning the War to Russia: Drones and Discrimination in the Defense of Ukraine. Ethics & International Affairs.
Fond, L., & John, Q. (1983). The Case for Liberalizing the Use of Deadly Force in Self-Defense. Seattle University Law Review, 6, 237.
Franks, M. (2016). How Stand-Your-Ground Laws Hijacked Self-Defense. 3.
Greenfield, N. M. (2023). UNPACKING WALTER BENJAMIN’S SOCIOLOGY OF VIOLENCE AND WAR. National Technical University of Ukraine Journal Political Science Sociology Law.
Grigoni, M. R. (2023). The Christian Handgun Owner and Just War. Journal of Moral Theology.
Hatfield, E., & Rapson, R. L. (2005). TARGET ARTICLE: Social Justice and the Clash of Cultures. Psychological Inquiry, 16, 172–175.
Hays, R. W. P. (2023). How cursing can be an act of Christian love. Anglican Theological Review, 105, 350–352.
Kanungo, A. (2013). Suicide is a Social Stigma: Its Different Prospectives in Indian Society.
Kielkopf, C. (1975). Thou shall say Thou shall not. Philosophia, 5, 513–514.
Krishna, R. (2010). Standing Your Ground: The Effect of Deadly Force and Self-Defense Laws on Crime in the United States.
Kung, L. (2009). Love Your Enemies: A Theology for Aliens in Their Native Land: The Chin in Myanmar. Studies in World Christianity, 15, 81–99.
Lee, C. K. Y. (2017). Reforming the Law on Police Use of Deadly Force: De-Escalation, Pre-Seizure Conduct, and Imperfect Self-Defense.
Leider, R. (2017). Taming Self-Defense: Using Deadly Force to Prevent Escapes. Social Science Research Network.
Luban, D. (2021). Hannah Arendt Meets QAnon: Conspiracy, Ideology, and the Collapse of Common Sense. Social Science Research Network.
Marier, C. J. (2024). Justifiability and culpability in lethal self-defense: Police officers vs. civilians. Journal of Criminal Justice.
Menshikov, A. (2022). Moral Choice and the Concept of Evil in Military Narratives of Orthodox Christians. Changing Societies & Personalities.
Minasyan, A. (2023). Õ€Õ¡ÕµÖ€Õ¥Õ¶Õ«Ö„Õ« Õ¦Õ«Õ¶Õ¾Õ¡Õ® ÕºÕ¡Õ·Õ¿ÕºÕ¡Õ¶Õ¸Ö‚Õ©ÕµÕ¡Õ¶ Õ£Õ¡Õ²Õ¡ÖƒÕ¡Ö€Õ« Õ¨Õ´Õ¢Õ¼Õ¶Õ¸Ö‚Õ´Õ¶Õ¥Ö€Õ¨ Õ¾Õ¡Õ²Õ´Õ«Õ»Õ¶Õ¡Õ¤Õ¡Ö€ÕµÕ¡Õ¶ (4−5-ÕÂÔ´ Õ¤Õ¡Ö€Õ¥Ö€Õ¸Ö‚Õ´) Õ€Õ¡ÕµÕ¡Õ½Õ¿Õ¡Õ¶Õ¸Ö‚Õ´. Õ“Õ«Õ¬Õ«Õ½Õ¸ÖƒÕ¡ÕµÕ¡Õ¯Õ¡Õ¶ Õ¿Õ¥Õ½Õ¡Õ¶Õ¯ÕµÕ¸Ö‚Õ¶ / Comprehending the idea of armed defense of the motherland in the early medieval (the 4–5th centuries) Armenia: Philosophical approach. Õ€Õ¡ÕµÕ¯Õ¡Õ¯Õ¡Õ¶ Ô²Õ¡Õ¶Õ¡Õ¯ / Armenian Army.
Moore, S. E., Robinson, M., Clayton, D., Adedoyin, A. C., Boamah, D. A., Kyere, E., & Harmon, D. (2018). A Critical Race Perspective of Police Shooting of Unarmed Black Males in the United States: Implications for Social Work. Urban Social Work, 2, 33–47.
Nass, E. (2022). Human dignity and lethal autonomous weapon systems: A Christian ethical positioning from a Catholic point of view. TATuP Zeitschrift Für Technikfolgenabschätzung in Theorie Und Praxis.
Pavlenko, P. (2023). The discourse of war in the evangelical doctrine in the context of current russian aggression against Ukraine (protestant viewpoint). Filosofska Dumka (Philosophical Thought).
Pawlas, A. (2015). Notes to Albert Schweitzer, His Concept of Reverence for Life and the Fifth Commandment. Journal of Studies in Social Sciences, 11, 196–214.
Rachman, S. (2007). Self-Constructs in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy, 21, 257–260.
Rodman, A., Powers, K. E., & Somerville, L. (2017). Development of self-protective biases in response to social evaluative feedback. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 114, 13158–13163.
Rosen, J. (2016). Grace, Punishment, and the Torah.
Rugani, M. V. (2024). The Silence of God and the Witness of the Christian Soldier through Kenosis. Religions.
Russell, B. (2016). The Future of Pacifism.
Salas, C., & Turnbull, O. (2010). In Self-Defense: Disruptions in the Sense of Self, Lateralization, and Primitive Defenses. Neuropsychoanalysis, 12, 172–182.
Sanders, K. J. (2019). SELF-DEFENSE AGAINST PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSAULT.
Schmitt, M., Schmitt, M., Schmitt, M., & Ford, C. M. (2017). Assessing U.S. Justifications for Using Force in Response to Syriai’s Chemical Attacks: An International Law Perspective.
Steinke, R. R. (2015). A Look Back at NATO’s 1999 Kosovo Campaign: A Questionably Legal but Justifiable Exception? Connections: The Quarterly Journal, 14, 43–55.
Stell, L. (1986). Close Encounters of the Lethal Kind: The Use of Deadly Force in Self-Defense. Law and Contemporary Problems, 49, 113–124.
Tai-Chung. (2023). Rawls’ Theory of War and Nuclear Weapons: A Comparison with International Law. Wonkwang University Legal Research Institute.
Wright, E. (1988). A question of murder.
Yakubovich, A., Esposti, M. D., Lange, B. C. L., Melendez-Torres, G., Parmar, A., Wiebe, D., & Humphreys, D. K. (2021). Effects of Laws Expanding Civilian Rights to Use Deadly Force in Self-Defense on Violence and Crime: A Systematic Review. American Journal of Public Health, e1–e14.
Zhang, X., Doan, C., Arce, C. C. M., Hu, L., Gruenig, S., Parisod, C., Hibbard, B., Hervé, M., Nielson, C., Robert, C., Machado, R. A., & Erb, M. (2019). Plant defense resistance in natural enemies of a specialist insect herbivore. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 116, 23174–23181.
Zhou, L., Ho, B., Chan, H. Y. E., Tong, Y., Du, L., He, J., Ng, D. S., Tham, C., Pang, C. P., & Chu, W. (2023). Emerging Roles of cGAS-STING Signaling in Mediating Ocular Inflammation. Journal of Innate Immunity, 15, 739–750.
Anggraeni, E. P., & Mahyani, A. (2022). NOODWEER DAN NOODWEER EXCES TERHADAP PELAKU TINDAK PIDANA PEMBUNUHAN. Bureaucracy Journal¯: Indonesia Journal of Law and Social-Political Governance.
Asencio, E. K., Merrill, M., & Steiner, M. (2014). SelfEsteem, the Fear of Crime, and the Decision to Protect Oneself From Victimization. Sociological Forum, 29, 587–606.
Assaf, M. (2016). Differences between Motive and Self-Defense in Cases of Murder to Maintain Honor in the Islamic Jurisprudence Compared with the Penal Code applicable in the West Bank. 43.
B., M., N., S., Bipinbhai, L. J., Babuji, T. A., M.R., K., Devajibhai, M. P., & Pravinbhai, J. K. (2024). Empowering adolescent girls through video-assisted self-defense teaching program in rural Gujarat, India. Bioinformation, 20, 728–730.
Barnes, A. C. (2020). Who’s Afraid of Historicizing? How Protestant Anti-historicism Became Literary Self-Defense. J19 The Journal of Nineteenth-Century Americanists, 8, 321–346.
Barrett, K., Hanna, K. B., & Palomar, A. (2021). In Defense of the X: Centering Queer, Trans, and Non-Binary Pilipina/x/os, Queer Vernacular, and the Politics of Naming. Alon: Journal for Filipinx American and Diasporic Studies.
Berke, D. S., & DeFour, D. C. (2021). Teaching About Empowerment Self-Defense Training for Sexual Assault Prevention: Recommendations for Feminist Instruction in Psychology. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 45, 387–394.
Brosius, A. (2015). An Iowa Law in Need of Imminent Change: Redefining the Temporal Proximity of Force to Account for Victims of Intimate Partner Violence Who Kill in Non-Confrontational Self-Defense. Iowa Law Review, 100, 775.
Chakraborty, R., Chattopadhyay, A. K., Kairi, A., & Chakraborty, M. (2018). Brain–Computer Interface-Based Fear Detection: A Self-defense Mechanism. Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing.
Classen, A. (2020). Murder in Medieval German Literature: Disruptions and Challenges of Societyâ€â€Crime and Self-Determination in the Pre-modern World. Neophilologus, 104, 97–117.
CordeiroRodrigues, L. (2023). War without Agreement: Thinking through Okeja’s Jus ad Bellum Theory. Journal of Military Ethics, 22, 129–139.
Cornell, D., & Seely, S. D. (2022). Setting struggle in motion: From ‘non-violence’ to revolutionary anti-violence. Philosophy & Social Criticism, 49, 1027–1045.
Corrado, M. (2010). Self-Defense, Moral Acceptability, and Compensation: A Response to Professor Fontaine.
Davitovna, D. M. (2021). Do Russian Women Have the Right to Self-defense against Domestic Violence?
Dzioba, A. (2013). No Defense for Self-Defense: Determining Whether Courts Should Order Insurers To Represent Insureds Who Have Acted in Self-Defense. Fordham Law Review, 82, 205.
Ferries, C. H. (2012). Non-Violence versus Armed Self Defense, 1965-1966.
Fletcher, G. P., & Chiesa, L. E. (2008). Self-Defense and the Psychotic Aggressor.
Gilbert, P. (2015). Evolution, Social Roles, and the Differences in Shame and Guilt. Social Research: An International Quarterly, 70, 1205–1230.
González, T., & Alonso, P. (2008). CULTURA DE PAZ Y NO VIOLENCIA. LA DEFENSA PERSONAL COMO PROPUESTA EDUCATIVA CULTURE OF PEACE AND NON-VIOLENCE. SELF- DEFENSE AS A PEDAGOGIC PROPOSAL.
Govender, D. (2017). Establishing the Link Between Race And Academic Performance: Race- Related Stress, Stereotype Threat and Self-Perceived Discrimination.
Hess, M. (2009). Criminally responsible or insane? the influence of jurors’ concept of self toward the insanity defense.
Hong, Y., & Yin, L. (2020). Self-defense Regulations and Crime. LSN: Criminal Law (Public Law – Crime) (Topic).
Irani, T. (2021). Socrates’s Great Speech: The Defense of Philosophy in Plato’s Gorgias. Journal of the History of Philosophy.
Kaufman, W. (2009). Justified Killing: The Paradox of Self-Defense.
Klein, R. (2009). Race and the Doctrine of Self-Defense: The Role of Race in Determining the Proper Use of Force to Protect Oneself.
Konstruktivisme, P., Penegakan, D., Kasus, H., Berencana, P., Sambo, O. F., Siswanto, H., & Nainggolan, I. L. (2023). Paradigma Konstruktivisme Dalam Penegakan Hukum Kasus Pembunuhan Berencana Oleh Ferdy Sambo. Jurnal Hukum Sasana.
Lazar, S. (2009). Responsibility, Risk, and Killing in SelfDefense*. Ethics: An International Journal of Social, Political, and Legal Philosophy, 119, 699–728.
Mcmahan, J. (1994). Innocence, SelfDefense and Killing in War. Journal of Political Philosophy, 2, 193–221.
Mcmahan, J. (2004). War as Self-Defense. Ethics and International Affairs, 18, 75–80.
Mentu, M. (2019). Domestic violence begets Black women’s incarceration¯: Marissa Alexander’s 20-year sentence for non-fatal self-defense.
Miller, S. (2016). KILLING IN SELF-DEFENSE. Public Affairs Quarterly, 7, 325–339.
Mogollón, M. M. (2021). The Plea of State of Necessity: A palatable normative framework for extraterritorial self-defense against Non-State Actors. Ius Et Veritas.
Moustafa, M. M., Mourad, G. M., Bakry, S. T. E., & Sayed, F. S. (2022). Effect of Anger Management Educational Program on Mode of Anger Expression among Nursing Students. Journal of Nursing Science Benha University.
Ofei-aboagye, R. O. (1994). Altering the Strands of the Fabric: A Preliminary Look at Domestic Violence in Ghana. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 19, 924–938.
Okoronkwo, M. (2014). OF WHAT USE IS THE SWORD FOR THE DISCIPLES OF JESUS? A DISCOURSE ANALYSIS OF LUKE 22:35-38 IN THE LIGHT OF NEW TESTAMENT ETHICS ON NON-VIOLENCE. 113, 1–16.
Page, J. M. (2022). DEFENSIVE KILLING BY POLICE: ANALYZING UNCERTAIN THREAT SCENARIOS.
Page, J. M. (2023). Defensive Killing by Police. Journal of Ethics and Social Philosophy.
Pocecco, E., & Bichler, C. (2024). Impact of a self-defense and self-assertion course on self-confidence and self-assurance of adult women. Current Issues in Sport Science (CISS).
Reamey, G. S. (2021). Police Use of Force Laws in Texas. Social Science Research Network.
Sanders, K. J. (2019). SELF-DEFENSE AGAINST PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSAULT.
Sandi, A., Bakry, K., & Jamaluddin, J. (2024). Pembunuhan sebagai Upaya Pembelaan Diri dalam Pandangan Hukum Islam dan Hukum Positif. AL-QIBLAH: Jurnal Studi Islam Dan Bahasa Arab.
Spanbauer, M. (n.d.). Self-defense Policy, Justiï¬Âed Homicides, and Race.
Spanbauer, M. (2017). Self-defense Policy, Justified Homicides, and Race.
Steinhoff, U. (2013). Shalom on the Impermissibility of Self-Defense Against the Tactical Bomber.
Susteren, L. V. (2002). The insanity defense, continued. The Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law, 30 4, 474–475.
Ugwu, V. (2017). SELF-DEFENSE AGAINST UNJUST AGGRESSORS IN NIGERIA: A QUESTION OF BIBLICAL LITERALISM, REASON, AND/OR CONSCIENCE? International Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Review, 7.
Wijaya, D. D. R., & Mardinasyah, H. Z. (2023). Tindak Pidana Pembunuhan Karena Membela Diri Perspektif Hukum Pidana Islam dan Hukum Pidana Nasional. Rechtenstudent.
Zamostny, J. (2009). Comings Out: Secrecy, Sexuality, and Murder in Michael Nava’s Rag and Bone. MELUS: Multi-Ethnic Literature of the U.S., 34, 183–204.
