Japanese 
English 
Chinese 
Dutch 
Arabic 
Spanish 
Portuguese 
Russian 
French 
Italian 
German 
Continue reading with a subscription
Get unlimited access to all our premium content and exclusive features.
Enjoy unlimited access, cancel anytime.
概要
- 聖書の用語：旧約聖書では主に死者の領域を指す言葉として「シェオル」が使われ、新約聖書では「ハデス」「ゲヘナ」「タルタロス」といった言葉が使われています。これらの言葉の意味は時代とともに変化しており、必ずしも現代の地獄という概念と直接対応するわけではありません。
- イメージと比喩：聖書は地獄を描写するために、火、闇、死、神からの分離といった鮮明なイメージを用いています。これらの比喩は、神の裁きの深刻さと、神を拒絶することの結果を伝えるために役立っています。
- 神学的な議論：地獄の性質については、永遠の意識的な苦しみなのか消滅なのか、また文字通りの場所として理解すべきか精神的な状態として理解すべきかなど、神学者の間で議論が続いています。初期の教父や後の神学者たちは、これらの問題について様々な見解を提示してきました。
- 牧会的・実践的な意味合い：地獄に関する聖書の教えは、キリスト教徒が神の憐れみに感謝し、倫理的に生き、福音を伝え、社会正義を追求し、神との関係を深める動機となるべきです。しかし、この教義を恐怖を植え付けるために使うのではなく、神の愛とすべての人を救いたいという願いを強調し、バランスを持って扱うことが重要です。
参考文献（クリックして表示）
—
参考文献：
アッタド, S.(2023年)。初期教父によるトーラーの重層的受容。Religions誌。The layered Reception of the Torah by Early Church Fathers.Religions.
Baker, J. O., & Booth, A. (2016). Hell to pay: Religion and punitive ideology among the American public. Punishment & Society, 18, 151–176.
Baniamin, H. M. (2021). Variations in the Acceptance of Parental Corporal Punishment of Children: What Matters? Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 37, NP18006–NP18031.
Boo, E.-J., & Kim, M.-C. (2023). The Effect of Mock Juror’s Gender, Victim’s Resistance and Intellectual Disability on Punishment Judgments in a Sexual Assault Case. Korean Association of Criminal Psychology.
Bounds, C. T. (2012). The Scope of the Atonement in the Early Church Fathers. (初期教父における贖罪の範囲)
Brooten, B. (2019). 11. Tortures in Hell: Early Church Fathers on Female Homoeroticism. 303–358.
Child Metaphors in the New Testament. (2021). Biblical Studies.
ダンカン, J. K. (2024). The Imperial Church: Catholic Founding Fathers and United States Empire. Journal of American History.
Dvoinin, A., & Ivanova, A. S. (2024). Mental Representations of Paradise and Hell in Orthodox Believers. Culture & Psychology.
Dyrdin, A. (2023). New Testament Metaphors of Sea and Fire in Pyramid by L. M. Leonov. ßрþñûõüы ØÑÂтþрøчõÑÂúþù ßþÑÂтøúø.
Ethington, M. (2017). City, Community, and Purity: Mormonism’s Evolution of Zionism and Place. Hinckley Journal of Politics, 6.
Evseeva, L. M. (2023). Movable icons and embroidery shrouds in services of dramatic character in Ancient Rus’. Journal of Visual Theology.
Halkias, G. (2021). Pure Land Buddhism in Tibetan Contexts.
Hamilton, T. (2022). Book Review: Natural Resources, Extraction and Indigenous Rights in Latin America: Exploring the Boundaries of Environmental and State-Corporate Crime in Bolivia, Peru and Mexico. Humanity & Society, 46, 383–386.
Han-Park, & Kim, D. H. (2023). A Study on Adult‘s fear of Cyber ​​Sex Crimes: Focusing on the Relationship between Perceptions of Punishment Criminal Psychology. Korean Association of Criminal Psychology.
Houston, R. (2024). The Perennial Teaching of the Church on Usury. Catholic Social Science Review.
Ilany, O. (2019). Herr Zebaoth and the German nation: bible and nationalism in the anti-Napoleonic wars. Global Intellectual History, 5, 104–124.
Ivanova, S. (2022). New Russian Iconography The Resurrection with the Descent into Hell: Compositional Variations. Observatory of Culture.
Jayanti, E., & Andi, A. H. (2022). PENGARUH REWARD DAN PUNISHMENT TERHADAP KINERJA POLISI DI POLRES CILACAP. Jurnal Riset Akuntansi Dan Bisnis Indonesia.
Jiang, C., Shi, M., & Zhang, H. (2023). Study of Education and Punishment Based on Game Theory. Lecture Notes in Education Psychology and Public Media.
Kania-Chramęga, A. (2022). The role of the directive on the degree of guilt in the judicial determination of punishment. Comments in the context of the Polish Penal Code. Studia Prawnoustrojowe.
Kuczok, M.(2023年)。罪の聖書的メタファー：英語版聖書における認知意味論的視点。Linguistica Silesiana。The biblical metaphors of sin: a cognitive-semantic perspective on the English version of the Bible.Linguistica Silesiana.
Kurgan, M. G. (2021). The Images of Dante’s Inferno in Fyodor Dostoevsky’s The House of the Dead. Imagologiya i Komparativistika.
Lange, C. (2015). Locating Hell in Islamic traditions.
Lee, E. H. (2017). The Early Church Fathers` Understanding of wealth and the rich: continuity and discontinuity. 82, 151–178.
Lee, J. K. (2020). The Church in the Latin Fathers.
Li, S., Xie, D., Li, M.-T., Che, Q., Zhang, J., Luo, X.-W., & Cai, T. (2024). Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis of the sensitivity to punishment and sensitivity to reward questionnaire-revised and its psychometric evaluation among Chinese person with substance use disorder. Frontiers in Psychology, 15.
Lippitt, J. (2020). Metaphors for forgiveness. 126–145.
マラニャク, A. (2023). 使徒教父の解釈におけるキリスト教会の統一. Sophia. 人間と宗教の研究紀要.
Mayo, S. (2015). Chasing the ‘Hounds of Hell’: Howard Thurman’s Jesus and the Disinherited as a Curriculum for Racial Justice and Reconciliation. 10, 5.
Miller, L. L. (2021). American Exceptionalism or Exceptionalism of the Americas? The Politics of Lethal Violence, Punishment, and Inequality. 133–162.
Pershina, M. A. (2018). Metaphors of Crime and Punishment in Shakespeare’s Macbeth. 202–207.
Petcu, L. (2017). Early Church Fathers on Repentance and Confession of Sins.（初期教父による悔い改めと罪の告白について）
Pikovskiy, H. (2022). The concept of Sheol in the Hebrew Bible and in the old Greek translations. Issues of Theology.
Ramadhani, N., Mujahidah, M., & Rukayah, R. (2022). HUBUNGAN PEMBERIAN REWARD AND PUNISHMENT DENGAN MOTIVASI BELAJAR SISWA KELAS IV. JPPSD: Jurnal Pendidikan Dan Pembelajaran Sekolah Dasar.
Rorem, P. (1998). Maximus the Confessor . By Andrew Louth. The Early Church Fathers. London: Routledge, 1996. x + 230 pp. n.p. Church History: Studies in Christianity and Culture, 67, 354–354.
Schellenberg, A. (2020). Traces of Negative Theology in the Hebrew Bible. Revue Philosophique de Louvain, 239–257.
Smagina, E. (2019). The ways of the Bible: an interpretation of antique and biblical motives in the works of M.A. Voloshin. 177–190.
Sydiachenko, N. (2020). BLACK METAPHORS IN WITOLD PILECKI’S REPORT. Polish Studies of Kyiv.
Tiwari, Dr. R. (2022). Theme of Redemption in Eliot’s The Family Reunion. The Creative Launcher.
Wang, R. (2024). Insufficient construction of administrative punishment power at the grassroots level and countermeasures. Social Security and Administration Management.
Zachhuber, J. (2020). Sexuality and the Christian Self: Michel Foucault’s Reading of the Church Fathers. Toronto Journal of Theology, 36, 170–182.
Zaprometova, O. (2009). Experiencing the Holy Spirit: A Pentecostal Reading of the Early Church Fathers Part 1: Gregory the Theologian. Journal of the European Pentecostal Theological Association, 29, 13–14.
Zaprometova, O. (2010). Experiencing the Holy Spirit: A Pentecostal Reading of the Early Church Fathers Part 2: Isaac of Nineveh and Simeon the New Theologian. Journal of the European Pentecostal Theological Association, 30, 1–19.
Ñуúðûõрþòð, Û. ÃÂ., & Úþûÿðúþòð, Û. ÃÂ. (2023). Implementing criminal punishment goals in relation to those sentenced to imprisonment for extremism-related crimes. Penitentiary Science.
Al-Furaiji, I. S. J., & Al-Qaisi, A. H. F. (2024). The Teachings of Jesus Christ (Peace Be Upon Him) and His Sermons in the Gospel of Matthew, An Analytical Study. International Journal of Religion.
Almalech, M. (2011). Is There any Rust in the Bible. (聖書に錆はあるか)
Apressyan, R. (2022). The Principle of Reciprocity in the Old Testament Ethics. Ethical Thought.
Ardakani, M. P., Lashkarian, N., & Sadeghzadeh, M. (2015). Words Without End: Translatability VS Untranslatability in T. S. Eliot’s Poem Ash Wednesday. 3, 45–56.
Assefa, D., Delamarter, S., Jost, G., Lee, R., & Niccum, C. (2020). The Textual History of the Ethiopic Old Testament Project (THEOT): Goals and Initial Findings. Textus.
Budiselić, E. (2018). Jesus of the Gospels, and Jesus of today. 12, 7–21.
Caruana, A., Layfield, C. J., & Abela, J. (2022). An Analysis of the Relationship between Words within the Voynich Manuscript. VOY.
Catach, I. R. (2022). Roger Bacon’s De signis, a missing part of Opus Maius III, and the knowledge of languages. Revista Española de FilosofÃÂa Medieval.
Culpepper, A. (2015). Fulfilment of Scripture and Jesus’ Teachings in Matthew. 49, 1–8.
David Bentley Hart, That All Shall Be Saved: Heaven, Hell and Universal Salvation (New Haven: Yale, 2019), pp. 222. $26.00. (n.d.).
Dhaheri, D. A. M. A., & Ahmed, H. A. (2023). The Divine Discourse to Satan in the Old Testament. Journal of Namibian Studies: History Politics Culture.
Ehrman, B. (2005). Misquoting Jesus: The Story Behind Who Changed the Bible and Why.
Ermakova, O. S., & Livanova, A. N. (2023). BIBLE IN LANDSMÃ…L AS CULTURAL AND HISTORICAL PHENOMENON. St. Petersburg University Studies in Social Sciences & Humanities.
Finney, M. (2013). Afterlives of the Afterlife: The Development of Hell in its Jewish and Christian Contexts.
Fletcher, L. (2009). Don’t Blame Jesus for Christianity. 6.
Gowler, D. B. (2019). ‘You Shall Love the Alien Hospitality, and Love of the Stranger in the Teachings of Jesus. Religions.
Greenspoon, L. (2016). Between Text and Commentary: A Characteristic Feature of Jewish Bible Versions. Open Theology, 2.
Henning, M. (2014). Eternal Punishment as Paideia: The Ekphrasis of Hell in the Apocalypse of Peter and the Apocalypse of Paul. 58.
Kim, Y. (2022). A Study of Miracle Stories in the Old Testament, Focused on the Sea Event of Exodus 14. The Society of Theology and Thought.
Kim, Y. S. (2023). Does the Old Testament Conceptualize a Beginning and an End of Time? An Exploration of Time in the Bible. The Society of Theology and Thought.
Kovalev, A., & Katanandov, S. (2023). THE TEACHINGS OF JESUS CHRIST AS AN ALTERNATIVE TO MODERN WESTERN LIBERALISM IN POLITICS AND GOVERNMENT. Sociopolitical Sciences.
Matytsina, I. (2021). Bible Translations in Sweden. RUDN Journal of Language Studies, Semiotics and Semantics.
Meyer, M. (1984). The Secret teachings of Jesus¯: four Gnostic gospels.
Mir-Kasimov, O. (2015). Words of power¯: ḤurÅ«fÄ« teachings between ShiÊ¿ism and Sufism in medieval Islam¯: the original doctrine of Faá¸Âl AllÄÂh AstarÄÂbÄÂdÄ«.
Mitchell, D. W. (2013). The Word of God, Scripture, and Dialogue: Reflections for Buddhists in Light of the Experience of Chiara Lubich. Claritas: Journal of Dialogue and Culture, 2, 10.
Mocan, B. (2013). Goldingay ’ s Evangelical Approach To The Old Testament¯: A Description and Critical Assessment of his Methodology.
Mumuni, T. (2018). イエス・キリストの教えから見た批判的教育学：歴史的研究。
Nesterova, O. E. (2018). The Typology of Adam and Eve in the New Testament and Early Christian Literature. 3, 58–75.
Oliva, K. (2023). Roots of the Tension Between Standard And Vernacular Czech: A Short (and Possibly Surprizing) History of Czech Diglossia (invited paper). Conference on Theory and Practice of Information Technologies, 3.
Papaioannou, K. (2018). MOTIFS OF DEATH AND HELL IN THE TEACHING OF JESUS . PART 2¯: AN EXAMINATION OF GEHENNA.
Podvalnov, E. D. (2024). «Discusses about definitions»: Vladimir Monomakh’s campaign of 1111 against the Cumans in the chronicle – «Russian crusade» or an appeal to the old testament history? History: Facts and Symbols.
Quickert, K., & Nicolle, S. (2022). Jesus and Illocutionary Forces: Common Functions of Conditionals in the Gospels. Journal of Translation.
Rabali, T. C. (2020). Bible reading insights from how the gospels and Acts link the apostles to Jesus: A biblical theological exploration. 54, 8.
Saksomo, D. (2017). UNDERSTANDING THE MESSAGES IN MACAPAT SONG THROUGH THE STORY AND TEACHINGS OF JESUS IN THE GOSPEL. EPH – International Journal of Humanities and Social Science.
Shitikov, P. M., & Shitikova, M. N. (2021). Experience of using corpus methods in the study of metaphor (based on the material of the Bible corpus of John). Philological Sciences. Scientific Essays of Higher Education, 16–22.
Sijabat, F. (2016). The Description Of Affixes Used In New Testament: Luke.
Strong, J. (n.d.). Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance of the Bible.
Sudakov, A. (2022). The man of heavenly disposition. Kant’s philosophy of religiion and Jesus of the Gospels. St.Tikhons’ University Review.
Susila, T., & Risvan, L. (2022). 旧約聖書の文脈におけるイスラエルの宗教形成の再構築 (Recontructing the Formation of Israel’s Religion in the context of Old Testament Biblical Text). Khazanah Theologia.
Vreugdenhil, G. C. (2022). Gerrit C. Vreugdenhil, Psalm 91 and Demonic Menace , Oudtestamentische studiën/Old Testament Studies 77, Leiden: Brill, 2020.
Westfall, C. L. (2016). 11 Οá½â€ÃŽÂ½ in the New Testament: The Minimal Semantic Contribution of a Discourse Marker. 284–302.
Whittington, J. (2015). Body, Building, and Family: New Testament Images of Organization. 151–177.
Yaacob, S. (2022). Predicament of English Translation Dilemma in Academia: An Analysis on Selected Scriptures and Traditional Books. Journal of Al-Tamaddun.
Yahya, Y. (2021). The Doctrine of Predestination According To The Old Testament. Journal of Comparative Study of Religions.
Zacharias, S., Daliman, M., Sugiyarto, K., & Sukarna, T. (2023). Love in Religious Scriptures in Indonesia A Semantic Study. Asian Journal of Engineering, Social and Health.
àуÿþòð, à. ÃÅ. (2022). Reflection of the Symbolism of the Vestment of the Old Testament High Priest in the Description of Heavenly Jerusalem. ÑøñûõùÑÂúøõ áхþûøø.
