Presbyterian Vs. Catholic: Similarities and Differences

Presbyterian Vs. Catholic: Two Paths on One Journey of Faith

Isn’t it wonderful how God calls us to understand and love one another? Many of us, as we walk with Jesus, feel a desire in our hearts to learn more about our brothers and sisters in other Christian families. This article is for you! It’s written with a spirit of warmth and love, hoping to build beautiful bridges of understanding between two amazing streams of Christian faith: Presbyterianism and Catholicism. Think of this as a journey of discovery, with open hearts, looking to see the goodness of God in all the ways His people worship Him.

Even though there have been different paths and some different ways of doing things over the years, it’s so important to remember how much these two families share. Both Presbyterians and Catholics have a deep, foundational belief in the one true God – Father, Son, and Holy Spirit. They both believe that Jesus Christ is God’s Son, and that the Bible is God’s precious Word.¹ This shared love for Jesus as our Lord and Savior is the solid rock they both stand on. So, the differences we see? They’re not meant to be walls that divide us. Instead, think of them as different, beautiful ways that faithful people have tried to understand, worship, and live out God’s truth down through the ages. It’s all about honoring Him!

To help us on this journey, here’s a simple look at some of the main ways these two traditions shine differently. These are just quick snapshots, and we’ll explore each one with more love and care in the pages to come.

Feature	Presbyterian Understanding	Catholic Understanding
Ultimate Authority	Bible Alone (Sola Scriptura)	Scripture & Sacred Tradition, interpreted by the Magisterium (teaching authority of the Church, including the Pope)
Salvation	By God’s grace through faith alone	By God’s grace, through faith and good works, nurtured by sacraments
Sacraments/Ordinances	Two: Baptism and the Lord’s Supper	Seven: Baptism, Confirmation, Eucharist, Penance, Anointing of the Sick, Holy Orders, Matrimony
Communion/Eucharist	Memorial; Christ spiritually present to faith	Transubstantiation: bread and wine become the true Body and Blood of Christ
Church Leadership	Elected elders (presbyters) in councils (Session, Presbytery, etc.)	Pope, Bishops, Priests in a hierarchical structure; Apostolic Succession
Mary & Saints	Mary honored as Jesus’ mother; saints as examples of faith. Prayer to God alone.⁵	Mary specially venerated (hyperdulia); saints venerated (dulia); both asked for intercessory prayer.

Both of these wonderful traditions have blessed people all over the globe, showing just how far-reaching God’s message of love is! The Catholic Church is the largest Christian family, with about 1.⁴⁰⁶ billion members around the world as of 2023.¹⁶ The Presbyterian and Reformed family of churches, while not as large, is still a mighty global community with around 75 million members.¹⁸

It’s good to remember that history and numbers can sometimes shape how we see things. For many in the Catholic tradition, who see their church as the original one from which others branched out 4, Protestant groups might be seen as “departures.” And for many Presbyterians, whose tradition grew out of a “protest” against some practices of the Catholic Church in earlier times 20, Catholicism might seem like the historical “other” that helped shape their own unique ways. This doesn’t change the heart of their beliefs knowing this can help us have more empathy. The most important thing, is our shared identity in Jesus Christ, which is bigger than any history or numbers!

II. Answering Your Heartfelt Questions: Presbyterian and Catholic Faiths Explored

So many good questions come up when we want to understand different ways of living out our shared faith. Let’s look at some of the most common ones with open hearts and minds.

Where Did They Begin? The Amazing Start of Two Great Churches!

Understanding the beginnings helps us appreciate the journey!

The Catholic Story: Ancient Roots in Jesus!

Catholics feel a powerful connection to the very start of Christianity. They believe their Church was founded directly by Jesus Christ Himself when He walked this earth.³ They see the apostles as the first leaders, with a special role given to Peter by Jesus. This leadership, they believe, has been passed down like a torch, in an unbroken line from Peter to the Pope today, and from those first apostles to Catholic bishops all over the world.³ The New Testament, especially the Gospels and the Book of Acts, tells the story of Jesus sending out His apostles and the birth of the Church at Pentecost, when the Holy Spirit filled them with power for their mission.⁴ The Catholic Church’s story is one of ancient beginnings, growing first in the Roman Empire, facing tough times of persecution, and then becoming a great spiritual light that shaped the world.⁴ Throughout history, the Catholic Church has also navigated various theological debates and divisions, leading to differentiations among Christians. This includes discussions around topics like authority and sacraments, often summarized in the phrase ‘roman catholic vs catholic explained.’ As the Church continues to evolve, it remains rooted in its foundational beliefs while also addressing contemporary issues facing its global community.

The Presbyterian Story: Courage and a Return to Basics!

The Presbyterian story is one of great courage and strong belief, born out of a powerful movement called the Protestant Reformation in the 16th century.¹ This was a time when many faithful Christians wanted to bring the Church of that day back to what they felt were its core beliefs and practices. Amazing leaders like Martin Luther in Germany, who famously shared his 95 Theses in 1517, started this call for renewal.²⁰ John Calvin, a brilliant theologian from France who lived in Geneva, Switzerland, helped to clearly explain many of these ideas, creating what we now call Reformed theology.² Then, John Knox, a brave Scotsman who learned from Calvin, brought these teachings to Scotland, where they took deep root and helped form the Presbyterian Church.¹¹ For Presbyterians, their church is all about a Spirit-led rediscovery of the Bible’s core teachings.²¹

So, you see, both traditions believe they are carrying on the true Christian faith they see that connection a little differently. Catholics emphasize an unbroken line of leaders and teachings passed down through the apostles and their successors, the bishops.³ Presbyterians, on the other hand, emphasize being true to the teachings of the early apostles as found in the Bible. They see the Reformation not as breaking away from true Christianity as a necessary return to those biblical truths when they believed the church of that time had drifted.² One emphasizes the line of leaders, the other emphasizes the line of teaching – both pointing to Jesus! This catholic versus protestant comparison highlights a fundamental divergence in understanding authority and tradition within Christianity. While Catholics rely on the historical continuity of their leadership, Presbyterians focus on the primacy of scripture as the ultimate source of truth. Ultimately, both perspectives strive to honor Jesus’ teachings, albeit through different lenses shaped by their historical contexts. Additionally, Lutheran beliefs and practices share similarities with both traditions, as they emphasize salvation by faith alone and the authority of scripture, while also recognizing the significance of sacraments. This creates another layer of complexity in the conversation about authority and practice, further enriching the tapestry of Christian expression. Ultimately, these diverse perspectives reflect the multifaceted nature of faith as believers seek to navigate their relationship with God through various historical and theological lenses. As conversations about faith continue, the discourse surrounding catholic beliefs vs protestant beliefs remains vital in understanding the diversity within Christianity. Each tradition not only shapes the personal faith journeys of their adherents but also influences larger societal views on morality, community, and worship practices. This ongoing dialogue serves as a reminder of the rich history and shared heritage that all Christians can draw upon, even amidst their differences.

Who Has the Final Say? The Bible, the or Both?

This is a big one, and it shows a key difference.

The Presbyterian View: God’s Word is the Ultimate Guide! (Sola Scriptura)

For Presbyterians, the Bible – the Old and New Testaments – is God’s inspired, perfect, and ultimate guide for everything about faith and how to live a Christian life.² This is often called Sola Scriptura, which is Latin for “Scripture alone.” Presbyterians believe the Bible has everything we need for salvation and for living a life that honors God.²³ Although they value important historical summaries of what the Bible teaches, like the Westminster Confession of Faith 24, these writings are always seen as helpful guides the Bible itself is the final word. They believe the Holy Spirit helps believers and the church understand the Bible’s meaning.

The Catholic View: Scripture, Tradition, and the Church’s Wisdom!

Catholics also deeply love and honor the Bible as God’s inspired Word.⁵ But they believe God’s truth comes to us not only through the Bible (Sacred Scripture) but also through Sacred Tradition – these are the teachings of Jesus and the Apostles that were passed down by word of mouth and in practice even before the New Testament was all written down, and these teachings continue in the life of the Church.⁵ What’s more, Catholics believe that the true and authentic understanding of both the Bible and Tradition is given to the Magisterium – that’s the teaching authority of the which includes the Pope and the bishops working together with him, all guided by the Holy Spirit.⁵ The Pope, as Peter’s successor, is believed to have a special role in this teaching, sometimes called papal supremacy.⁵ The Catechism of the Catholic Church is a wonderful book that brings all these teachings together.²⁶ Some Catholics explain that the Bible alone needs a guide for understanding because it can be interpreted in different ways, and not everything Jesus did and taught was written down.²⁵ This understanding of Scripture and Tradition is vital for comprehending Catholicism’s major branches overview, as it highlights the diversity within the faith while maintaining a unified theological foundation. Additionally, various rites and practices within Catholicism enrich the Church, allowing for a vibrant expression of faith that resonates across cultures and communities. Ultimately, this dynamic interplay of Scripture, Tradition, and the Magisterium ensures that the essential truths of the faith endure through time.

This difference in where they see the ultimate authority is really foundational. It’s like a fork in the road that influences almost everything else. If the Bible alone is the final word, as Presbyterians believe, then any belief or practice not clearly found in the Bible might be questioned. This leads to recognizing only the sacraments Jesus clearly started in the New Testament (Baptism and the Lord’s Supper), a different view of how Jesus is present in Communion, no formal prayers to Mary or the saints if the Bible doesn’t command it, and a church leadership style based on biblical examples of elders. But if authority is in the Bible, Tradition, and the Church’s teaching office, as Catholics believe, then beliefs and practices can grow and develop over time, guided by what they believe is the Holy Spirit’s ongoing leadership. This allows for seven sacraments, the teaching of transubstantiation, special beliefs about Mary (like her Immaculate Conception and Assumption, which are part of Tradition even if not spelled out in the Bible), honoring the and a church leadership structure centered on apostolic succession and the Pope. It really comes down to where each tradition believes that ultimate “authority” comes from.⁵

How Are We Saved? Is It Faith Alone, or Do Good Works and Sacraments Help?

This is a question close to every Christian’s heart: how do we receive God’s gift of salvation?

The Presbyterian View: Saved by God’s Amazing Grace Through Faith!

Presbyterians believe with all their hearts that salvation is a completely free gift from God. You can’t earn it, you can’t buy it – it’s received only through faith in Jesus Christ and what He did for us on the cross.¹ This is often called “justification by grace through faith alone.” It means that our good deeds, religious acts, or how good we try to be can’t save us; it’s God’s undeserved kindness (grace) that does.⁸ Good works and a changed life are seen as the beautiful, natural results or proof of real faith and salvation, not the way to get it.⁶

Many Presbyterians, following John Calvin, have also believed in predestination. This is the idea that God, in His perfect wisdom and love, chose certain people for salvation even before the world began.⁵ But how this is understood can vary today. Some modern views soften the “harsher” parts and emphasize that God’s choice doesn’t take away our freedom or responsibility to respond to His love.⁵

The Catholic View: Grace, Faith, Good Works, and Sacraments Working Together!

Catholics also declare that salvation starts with God’s grace; it’s a divine gift we can’t earn by ourselves.²⁹ Faith in Jesus Christ is absolutely essential to receive this grace. But Catholic teaching says that this faith must then be active in love and shown through good works, which are made possible by God’s grace.¹ So, it’s like a partnership: God offers His grace, and we respond with faith and by living a life of love and obedience.

Sacraments play a very important role here. Catholics believe that sacraments, like Baptism, are special ways God gives us His saving grace.³⁰ For example, Baptism is seen as washing away original sin and making a person part of Christ, bringing that first step of justification.²⁹ If someone commits a serious (mortal) sin after Baptism, the sacrament of Penance (Confession) is seen as necessary to get back into that state of grace.³⁰ Catholics don’t believe in predestination in the same way as classic Calvinism, especially the idea that God pre-determines some people for damnation. Instead, Catholic teaching emphasizes that God wants everyone to be saved, and that people, using their free will, can choose to accept or reject God’s grace.⁵ God, in His eternal knowledge, knows these free choices ahead of time.³²

These different views on salvation can shape how we feel about our assurance. For some Presbyterians, knowing it’s “faith alone” and believing in God’s sovereign choice can bring a strong sense of peace once they are sure of their faith. The Catholic way, with its focus on working with grace, taking part in sacraments, and the possibility of falling from grace through serious sin, might lead to a different kind of spiritual journey – one that emphasizes ongoing repentance and relying on the Church’s sacraments to stay strong and grow in grace.²⁹ A key idea here is whether Christ’s righteousness is credited to us (a Reformed idea) or poured into us and becomes part of us (a Catholic idea).²⁹

What Are Sacraments? And How Many Does Each Church Have?

Sacraments, or ordinances as some Presbyterians call them, are sacred practices seen as visible signs of God’s invisible grace, started by Jesus Himself.

The Presbyterian View: Two Special Ordinances/Sacraments!

Presbyterians cherish and practice two special ordinances that they believe Jesus directly told His followers to do: Baptism and the Lord’s Supper (also called Communion).⁵ These are seen as real ways God’s promises are shown and sealed to believers, and ways our faith is strengthened and fed.³⁴ They are outward signs of an inward grace they work best when connected to the faith of the person receiving them; they don’t automatically give grace. Jesus started these, using physical things (water, bread, and wine) to point to spiritual truths.³⁴

The Catholic View: Seven Powerful Sacraments!

Catholics believe that Jesus gave His Church seven sacraments. These are seen not just as symbols as effective signs – meaning, they truly give the grace they represent – drawing people into God’s divine life.⁵ These seven sacraments mark important moments and needs in a Christian’s life journey:

1. Baptism: For spiritual rebirth and joining the Church.
2. Confirmation: For being strengthened by the Holy Spirit.
3. Eucharist (Communion): For spiritual food with the Body and Blood of Christ.
4. Penance (Reconciliation or Confession): For forgiveness of sins after Baptism.
5. Anointing of the Sick: For healing and strength in serious illness or old age.
6. Holy Orders: For ordaining deacons, priests, and bishops to serve the Church.
7. Matrimony: For the lifelong, faithful union of a man and a woman in marriage. These are grouped into sacraments of Christian beginning (Baptism, Confirmation, Eucharist), sacraments of healing (Penance, Anointing of the Sick), and sacraments for service and mission (Holy Orders, Matrimony).³⁵

Sacrament/Ordinance	Presbyterian Understanding & Practice	Catholic Understanding & Practice
Baptism	A sign and seal of God’s loving agreement (covenant of grace); marks entry into the visible church; often given to infants of believers and adult converts; shows cleansing and oneness with Christ.33 Not usually seen as making one born again by itself, but confirms God’s promise received by faith.	Essential for salvation; washes away original sin; actual spiritual rebirth and becoming part of Christ; makes one a child of God; usually given to infants, but also to adult converts.30
Lord’s Supper/Eucharist	A memorial of Christ’s death (“Do this in remembrance of me”); a way to be spiritually fed and connect with the spiritually present Christ by faith; bread and wine are symbols.⁹	The “source and summit of the Christian life” 38; through transubstantiation, the bread and wine become the true Body, Blood, Soul, and Divinity of Christ; a re-presentation of Christ’s sacrifice; spiritual food.¹⁰
Confirmation	(Not a sacrament) Young people might go through a confirmation or communicant’s class to publicly declare their faith.	Completes baptismal grace; strengthens with the Holy Spirit’s gifts; seals the Christian as a witness for Christ.³⁵
Penance/Reconciliation	(Not a sacrament) Confession of sin is made directly to God; group confession in worship is common. Assurance of forgiveness is declared based on God’s promises in Christ.²⁸	Forgives sins committed after Baptism through a priest’s absolution, acting in Christ’s name; requires sorrow, confessing sins to a priest, and doing penance.³⁰
Anointing of the Sick	(Not a sacrament) Prayer for the sick and loving pastoral care are very important.	Gives grace for strength, peace, and courage in illness or old age; can include forgiveness of sins if confession isn’t possible; sometimes brings physical healing.³⁵
Holy Orders	(Not an ordinance in the same way) Ministers (teaching elders) and ruling elders are ordained for their special roles of leadership and service after being chosen by the congregation or presbytery.¹²	Gives a special grace for the ministry of bishop, priest, or deacon; gives an unforgettable spiritual character; allows them to act in the person of Christ in specific ways (e.g., priests consecrating Eucharist, forgiving sins).³⁵
Matrimony (Marriage)	Highly valued as a sacred promise ordained by God. Ministers perform weddings.	A sacrament that shows the union of Christ and the Church; gives grace to the couple to live their vows faithfully and raise children in faith.³⁵

The number and understanding of sacraments aren’t just random; they deeply show how each tradition sees the Church itself and its role in God’s plan. The Catholic with its strong belief in being a visible institution that brings God’s grace to the world 30, sees the seven sacraments as vital channels through which God’s life is given to believers, covering their whole Christian journey.³⁵ Presbyterianism, emphasizing direct access to God through Christ by faith and the Bible alone as authority 2, has two special ordinances that Jesus clearly commanded in the New Testament, with grace being received mainly through the Word and Spirit by faith.

What Happens at Communion/Eucharist? Is It a Symbol, or Is Jesus Really There?

This is a very important and often talked-about difference, friends.

The Presbyterian View: Spiritual Presence and Remembering!

When Presbyterians gather for the Lord’s Supper, they do it because Jesus said, “Do this in remembrance of me”.⁹ It’s a powerful way to remember Jesus’ sacrificial death on the cross. But it’s more than just thinking about it. Presbyterians believe that Christ is truly, though spiritually, present with them by the Holy Spirit as they share the bread and wine in faith.⁹ This spiritual presence feeds their souls and strengthens their connection with Christ and with each other. The bread and wine are sacred symbols that represent Christ’s body and blood, given for them.³⁷ John Calvin, a key leader in Presbyterian thought, taught that in the Supper, believers are lifted up to connect with the risen Christ in heaven, rather than Christ physically coming down to the bread and wine.³⁷

The Catholic View: Transubstantiation – Jesus Truly Present!

For Catholics, the Eucharist (or Holy Communion) is treasured as the “source and summit of the Christian life”.³⁸ A central Catholic belief is the doctrine of transubstantiation. This means that during the Mass, when the priest, acting in the person of Christ, says the words of consecration over the bread and wine, these elements are miraculously and substantially changed into the actual Body and Blood, Soul and Divinity of Jesus Christ.⁷ Although the outward appearances (or “accidents”) of bread and wine stay the same – they still look, taste, and feel like bread and wine – their inner reality (or “substance”) becomes Christ Himself.¹⁰ Therefore, Catholics believe that Jesus isn’t just symbolically present really, truly, and substantially present under the appearances of bread and wine, offering Himself as spiritual food to nourish the faithful.³⁸

These different beliefs about Jesus’ presence in Communion deeply shape the worship experience. The Catholic belief in the Real Presence leads to practices like Eucharistic adoration (where the consecrated Host is displayed for worship), keeping the Blessed Sacrament (consecrated Hosts) in a special place called a tabernacle in the and a deep feeling of awe and reverence for the consecrated elements as being Christ Himself.¹⁰ The Mass itself is seen not just as a remembrance but as a true, though unbloody, re-presentation of Christ’s one sacrifice on Calvary. The Presbyterian understanding, focusing on spiritual presence and remembrance, leads to a focus on sharing in faith, proclaiming Christ’s death, and the fellowship of believers. The elements are treated with great respect as powerful symbols from Christ generally not adored or kept in the same way as in Catholic practice. Presbyterians often speak of the Lord’s Supper happening at a “table” rather than an “altar,” to show their belief that Christ’s sacrifice happened once for all and doesn’t need to be repeated.⁸

What About Mary and the Saints? Do We Pray to Them?

Views on Mary, the mother of Jesus, and other saints (holy men and women of faith who have gone before us) also differ. Let’s understand this with gentle hearts.

The Presbyterian View: Honoring Examples, Praying to God Alone!

Presbyterians hold Mary in high regard as the mother of Jesus Christ. They see her as a blessed woman of great faith and obedience to God, chosen for a very special role in God’s plan of salvation.¹⁴ Similarly throughout history are respected as inspiring examples of how to follow Jesus and persevere in faith. But Presbyterians believe that prayer, as an act of worship, should be directed only to God – Father, Son, and Holy Spirit.⁵ They understand Jesus Christ to be the one and only mediator between God and us (based on Bible verses like 1 Timothy 2:5). So, they do not pray to Mary or the saints asking them to pray for them (intercession).¹⁴ While not praying to Mary, some Presbyterian hymns respectfully acknowledge her role in the Christmas story, with beautiful songs like “Gentle Mary Laid Her Child” or “Born in the Night, Mary’s Child” sometimes found in their hymnbooks.³⁹ This shows honor without praying for her to intercede.

The Catholic View: Deep Reverence and Asking for Prayers!

Catholics have a deep love and powerful reverence for Mary, whom they honor with the special title Theotokos (a Greek word meaning “God-bearer” or Mother of God).¹⁵ She is given a unique and very special place of honor (called hyperdulia) above all other saints because of her one-of-a-kind role in God’s plan of salvation and her own holiness (Catholics believe Mary was conceived without original sin – the Immaculate Conception – and was taken body and soul into heaven – the Assumption). Other saints are also venerated (honored with dulia) as heroes of faith who are now in heaven, enjoying God’s presence.⁵

Catholics believe that Mary and the saints can and do pray to God for those of us on earth. Therefore, Catholics pray to Mary and the asking them to offer prayers on their behalf.⁵ It’s very important to understand that Catholics make a clear distinction: they worship God alone (an act called latria) they venerate (honor and ask for the prayers of) Mary and the saints.¹⁵ This is like asking a Christian friend on earth to pray for you – except these friends are already in heaven and believed to be very close to God. Common Catholic prayers include the “Hail Mary,” the “Memorare,” and the Rosary, which are all ways of asking for Mary’s intercession and thinking about the life of Christ through her eyes.⁴¹

This is often a big point of misunderstanding and can bring up strong feelings. From a Protestant perspective, which believes in Soli Deo Gloria (glory to God alone) and Christ as the only mediator, any prayer to figures other than God can seem like it takes away from Christ’s role or even looks like idolatry.⁴³ Catholic teaching makes careful distinctions between worship for God and the honor given to His most faithful servants, believing that honoring them ultimately gives glory to God, who did such mighty things in their lives. For many Catholics, devotion to Mary and the saints is a deeply personal, comforting, and cherished part of their spiritual life. They see Mary as a spiritual mother who always leads them closer to her Son, Jesus.⁴⁰ Understanding these different views requires us to listen carefully and appreciate the heartfelt devotion in each tradition.

How Are the Churches Led? Who’s in Charge?

The way churches are structured and governed also shows their core beliefs.

Presbyterian Leadership: A Team of Elders!

Presbyterian churches are known for their representative way of governing, where decisions are made by groups of prayerful individuals called “elders” (or presbyters in Greek, which is where the name “Presbyterian” comes from!).¹¹ These elders are chosen by the congregation and include both ministers (often called “teaching elders”) and lay members (often called “ruling elders”).¹² Leadership is shared in a series of councils. The local church is guided by a “Session” (made up of its elders and minister). Many churches in an area form a “Presbytery.” Several Presbyteries might form a “Synod,” and the highest national council is usually the “General Assembly”.¹¹ Authority in this system comes both from the congregations (who choose their elders) and from the higher councils (for example, a Presbytery is responsible for ordaining ministers and overseeing the beliefs and life of its churches).⁴⁵ This system emphasizes shared wisdom, holding each other accountable, and the belief that all Christians have a role in figuring out God’s will for the church.⁴⁶ Some see this shared power as a safeguard, reflecting a belief that humans can make mistakes and that power shouldn’t be concentrated in just one person.⁴⁷

Catholic Leadership: A Line from the Apostles!

The Catholic Church has a hierarchical structure of leadership, which it believes was set up by Christ Himself.³ At the head of the Church on earth is the Pope, the Bishop of Rome, whom Catholics believe is the successor to the Apostle Peter, to whom Jesus gave a special ministry of leadership and unity.⁵ Working together with the Pope are the Bishops, who are seen as successors to the other apostles.³ Each bishop usually leads a local church area called a diocese.⁴⁸ Priests work with their bishops, serving in local parishes, and deacons help in various service roles.¹³ This whole structure is based on the teaching of Apostolic Succession – the belief that the authority and ministry of the apostles have been passed down in an unbroken line through the centuries by the laying on of hands in ordination.⁶ This succession is believed to make sure the Church stays true to the teachings and mission Jesus gave to His apostles.

So leadership isn’t just about practical organization; it’s deeply connected to theology. The Presbyterian model, with its councils and shared authority, reflects core beliefs like the priesthood of all believers (meaning all Christians have a direct connection to God) 2 and the importance of finding God’s will together through the Bible.⁴⁶ The Catholic model, with its hierarchical structure based on apostolic succession, reflects the belief that Christ set up a visible, authoritative teaching office (the Magisterium) to protect, interpret, and pass on the faith faithfully through the ages, ensuring unity and connection with the apostolic tradition.³

Do They Believe in the Same God and Jesus? (Let’s Talk Trinity and the Nicene Creed!)

This is a question that goes right to the heart of what it means to be a Christian. And the answer is a joyful one!

Yes! A Shared, Unshakeable Core Belief!

Absolutely, YES! At the very center of their faith, both Presbyterians and Catholics worship the very same Triune God: God the Father, God the Son (Jesus Christ), and God the Holy Spirit – three distinct Persons, yet one eternal God.¹ Both traditions declare with all their hearts that Jesus Christ is the eternal Son of God, fully divine and fully human. They believe He was conceived by the Holy Spirit, born of the Virgin Mary, lived a perfect life, suffered and died on the cross to forgive our sins, rose bodily from the dead, went up to heaven, and will come again in glory! 52 This is wonderful news!

The Nicene Creed: A Declaration of Unity!

A powerful and ancient symbol of this shared foundational faith is the Nicene Creed (or more accurately, the Niceno-Constantinopolitan Creed). This beautiful statement of Christian belief was written by early Church councils way back in the 4th century (at Nicaea in 325 AD and Constantinople in 381 AD) to clearly state the core truths of the faith, especially about God and Jesus Christ, in response to some early misunderstandings.⁵³ For centuries, the Nicene Creed has been affirmed and proclaimed by Christians from so many different denominations, including both the Catholic Church and Presbyterian (and other Protestant) churches.⁵² It’s a shining testament to the amazing unity that exists in the essentials of Christian belief. The Catholic Church holds the mystery of the Holy Trinity as the “central mystery of the Christian faith” 50, and Presbyterian confessions also joyfully affirm this Trinitarian understanding of God.⁵¹

While this unity on who God is and who Jesus is and what He did is so deep and crucial, it’s also true that how they explain the Triune God working in the world, especially in salvation and the life of the can lead to some of the different ways we’ve talked about. For example, while both believe strongly in the Holy Spirit, the Catholic Church places a special emphasis on the Spirit’s unique guidance of the Church’s Magisterium in a way that’s different from the Presbyterian emphasis on Sola Scriptura, where the Spirit is seen mainly as lighting up the Scriptures for the Church and individual believers. Nevertheless, the shared declaration of the Triune God as revealed in Jesus Christ remains the joyful, common inheritance of both traditions. Praise God for that!

What Are Some Common Misunderstandings? Let’s Clear the Air!

Sometimes, even with the best intentions, misunderstandings can happen between good people of faith. Gently talking about some of these can help us all grow in fellowship.

Common Presbyterian (and other Protestant) Misunderstandings of Catholics: Let’s Understand Better!

• “Catholics worship Mary and the saints.” As we talked about earlier (Question 6), this is a common one it’s not quite right.⁴³ Catholic teaching is very clear: worship (latria) is for God alone. They give special honor (hyperdulia) to Mary and honor (dulia) to asking them to pray for them, not worshipping them.¹⁵
• “Catholics believe they earn salvation by good works.” This misunderstanding (related to Question 3) doesn’t see the full picture of Catholic teaching, which says salvation starts with God’s grace, and faith is essential.²⁹ Good works are seen as a necessary response to and working with God’s grace, not as a way to earn salvation all by themselves.¹
• “The Pope is like a spiritual dictator,” or “Catholics aren’t allowed to think for themselves.” Although the Pope does have the highest teaching and governing authority in the Catholic Church 5, and Catholics are called to agree with defined beliefs, Catholic teaching also has a place for conscience, guided by Church teaching. It might look like there’s no room for individual thought it’s more like a conversation between faith and reason, and individual conscience and Church authority.

Common Catholic Misunderstandings of Presbyterians (and Protestants generally): Let’s See Their Hearts!

• “Presbyterians don’t believe Christ is present in Communion at all.” While Presbyterians don’t believe in transubstantiation, they do believe in a real spiritual presence of Christ in the Lord’s Supper. They believe He meets with and feeds believers by the Holy Spirit through faith.⁹ It’s not seen as just an empty symbol.
• “Presbyterians have no respect for tradition or church history.” While Presbyterians believe in Sola Scriptura (Scripture alone as the ultimate authority), they do value the wisdom of church history, ancient creeds (like the Nicene and Apostles’ Creeds), and their own important writings (like the Westminster Confession) as helpful summaries and guides to understanding biblical faith.² They see themselves as part of the one historic Christian Church.
• “Presbyterian worship is plain, empty, or lacks reverence because it doesn’t have all the rituals of the Mass.” Presbyterian worship, often simpler in its style, has its own deep theological reasons. It mainly focuses on the centrality of God’s Word preached, heartfelt group prayer, and inspiring hymns.¹ The reverence is expressed differently, often through listening carefully to Scripture and praying earnestly, rather than through many liturgical actions.

These misunderstandings aren’t just intellectual mistakes; they can be deeply hurtful and create walls that don’t need to be there, stopping Christian fellowship and respect.⁴³ When one group feels their deeply held beliefs are misunderstood or made into a caricature by another, it can cause pain and make divisions stronger. Coming to each other with a real desire to understand, to listen with love, and to try and see things from their perspective is so important for overcoming these often long-held wrong ideas.

How Do These Differences Show Up in Everyday Faith? (Worship, Prayer, and Life!)

Our beliefs naturally shape how we live out our faith day by day. Let’s see how!

Worship Styles: From Beautiful Liturgy to Sermon-Focused Services

A key difference shines through in the main act of group worship. The Catholic Mass is usually more liturgical, following a set pattern of prayers and rituals that have grown over centuries. It’s rich in symbolism, often using beautiful vestments, incense, bells, and sacred art to engage our senses. The Eucharist is the absolute center and high point of the Mass.¹

Presbyterian worship services are generally simpler in style, with the main focus being the reading and preaching of God’s Word (the sermon).¹ Group singing of hymns, prayers (which might be more varied in style), and reading Scripture are also key parts. Communion, while deeply valued, might be celebrated less often than in the weekly Catholic Mass (maybe monthly or quarterly in some Presbyterian churches).

Personal Prayer and Devotion: Many Ways to Connect with God

Both groups share practices like personal prayer and Bible reading. Beyond this, Catholic devotional life often includes things like praying the Rosary (a special prayer to Mary reflecting on Jesus’ life), novenas (nine days of prayer for a special reason), devotion to particular using sacramentals (like holy water, crucifixes, or blessed medals, which are seen as reminders of God’s grace), and for many, regularly going to the Sacrament of Penance (Confession).⁴¹

Presbyterian personal and family devotion usually emphasizes direct prayer to God, regular Bible study to understand and apply it, and being active in the life and ministries of the local church.

Church Calendar and Holy Days: Marking Sacred Time

Catholics follow a detailed church calendar with different seasons (Advent, Christmas, Lent, Easter, Ordinary Time) and many feast days remembering events in the lives of Jesus and Mary, as well as honoring many saints. Presbyterians generally observe the major Christian festivals like Christmas, Easter, and Pentecost usually have a shorter calendar of saint’s days or Marian feasts.

Moral and Social Issues: Living Out Our Faith in the World!

Both traditions uphold the moral teachings of Christianity, emphasizing love, justice, and compassion. But on some specific social and ethical issues, there can be different approaches. The Catholic Church generally has more uniformly defined official positions on things like divorce, abortion, contraception, and human sexuality, which are explained by the Magisterium. Within Presbyterianism, there can be a wider range of views, especially between different denominations. For example, the Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.) (PC(USA)) and the Presbyterian Church in America (PCA) – two of the larger Presbyterian groups in the U.S. – have different positions on issues like ordaining women and LGBTQ+ individuals, divorce, and abortion.⁵

These theological and practical differences create a distinct “feel” or atmosphere in how faith is experienced and expressed in daily life and group worship. A Catholic’s spiritual life might be more rhythmically shaped by the church year, frequent participation in sacraments, and devotional practices often connected to Mary and the saints. A Presbyterian’s spiritual life might put a stronger emphasis on thinking deeply about Scripture, applying biblical principles to daily life, and taking part in the representative leadership of their church. These are general tendencies, of course, as many Catholics are deeply scriptural and many Presbyterians have rich devotional lives the emphases do create different spiritual atmospheres, each with its own inner beauty and logic. Personal stories, like that of Fr. Carter Griffin who grew up Presbyterian and became Catholic, often show how individuals find a special connection with the practices and spiritual feel of one tradition over another.⁶⁰

III. Deeper Dive: Core Beliefs and Practices Compared

Now that we’ve answered some common questions, let’s go a little deeper into key areas of belief and practice, exploring the “why” behind the similarities and differences.

A. God’s Word: Understanding Scripture and Tradition

How we understand God’s revelation is a cornerstone of faith.

The Presbyterian Perspective: The Bible as Our Supreme Guide!

The principle of Sola Scriptura (Scripture Alone) is so important for Presbyterians. They believe the Bible, as God’s inspired and perfect Word, is complete and has everything we need for salvation, faith, and Christian living.⁵ The Westminster Confession of Faith, a key Reformed statement of belief, says that Scripture is “the rule of faith and life” and has “all things necessary for God’s own glory, man’s salvation, faith, and life.” This means no new revelations or human traditions can be added to it as having the same authority.²³ They believe the Holy Spirit works through the Word, helping believers and the church understand its truth. Creeds and confessions like the Westminster Confession are valued as accurate summaries of biblical teaching and help create unity in belief they are always under the Bible and get their authority from it.²⁴

The Catholic Perspective: Scripture and Living Tradition, Hand in Hand!

Catholics believe that God’s revelation comes to us through both Sacred Scripture (the Bible) and Sacred Tradition, which together make up a single, sacred treasure of God’s Word.⁵ Sacred Tradition is understood as the living passing-on of the Gospel message, which started with the Apostles’ preaching and has been kept safe and handed down in the guided by the Holy Spirit.²⁷ The Magisterium – the teaching office of the led by the Pope and bishops together with him – is believed to have the unique authority from Christ to truly interpret this treasure of faith.⁵ The Catechism of the Catholic Church is a wonderful guide that brings together these teachings, drawing from the Bible, early Church Fathers, liturgy, and the Magisterium.²⁶ Some Catholic thinkers argue that we need an authoritative Church to interpret because the Bible itself can be hard to understand and doesn’t explicitly cover every part of Christian life or belief without the help of Tradition and authoritative teaching.²⁵

The Catholic understanding of a living Tradition, guided by the Holy Spirit through the Magisterium, allows for what’s called the “development of doctrine.” This doesn’t mean new truths are being added to the original faith rather that the Church’s understanding of that faith can grow deeper and clearer over time. Beliefs like the Immaculate Conception or the Assumption of Mary, which were formally defined much later in Church history, are examples of this. From a Catholic view, these aren’t additions to the faith but a deeper understanding of truths that were already there in the original apostolic teaching. For those who strictly follow Sola Scriptura, this idea of doctrinal development can be a concern, as it might seem to add to what’s in the Bible. This difference in how “new” or clearer understandings of faith can come about is a direct result of their different views on how God’s authority is passed on.

B. Our Path to God: Justification, Grace, Predestination, and Free Will

How a person is made right with God is a central theme for both traditions. It’s all about His amazing love!

The Presbyterian Perspective: Justified by Grace Through Faith – A Free Gift!

The teaching of justification by grace through faith alone is a hallmark of Presbyterian belief.¹ This means a person is declared righteous in God’s eyes (justified) not because of their own good works or inherent goodness solely because of Christ’s perfect righteousness, which is credited (imputed) to the believer through faith.⁶ Grace is God’s undeserved favor, and faith is the open hand that receives this incredible gift. Good works are the beautiful fruit that grows from salvation, not the root that earns it.⁸

On predestination, classic Calvinist theology, which has influenced Presbyterianism, teaches that God, in His sovereignty, eternally chose (elected) some for salvation and, by implication, passed over others.⁵ This is often understood as God taking the first step in salvation. But as we mentioned, today’s Presbyterianism shows a range of views on this. Some denominations or individuals may have a softer interpretation that highlights God’s electing love without taking away human responsibility or the universal offer of the Gospel.⁸ Some Presbyterian groups have officially softened some of the “harsher features” of older Calvinistic statements on things like limited atonement (the idea that Christ died only for the elect).⁷

The Catholic Perspective: Justification by Grace, Responded to with Faith and Works!

Catholic teaching also affirms that justification starts with God’s grace, received through faith in Jesus Christ.²⁹ This grace is often understood as being infused (poured into) the soul, making the person truly righteous on the inside. This initial justification, usually received in Baptism, must be kept safe and increased by working together with God’s grace. This includes doing good works (acts of love, charity, and obedience) and participating in the sacraments, especially the Eucharist and Penance.¹ So, while grace is primary, human free will plays a vital role in responding to and cooperating with God’s saving action.⁶

Regarding predestination, Catholic theology teaches that God wants all people to be saved and gives the grace needed for salvation.³¹ But humans are free to accept or reject this grace. God, in His eternal all-knowingness, foresees who will freely choose to respond to His grace and persevere in faith and good works, and these are the ones predestined to eternal life. This is quite different from a Calvinistic understanding of double predestination (God actively choosing some for salvation and some for damnation). The Catechism of the Catholic Church states that “God predestines no one to go to hell; for this, a willful turning away from God (a mortal sin) is necessary, and persistence in it until the end”.³²

Both traditions wrestle with the powerful biblical truths of God’s sovereignty in salvation and our human responsibility. They arrive at different ways of explaining how these truths work together, with Presbyterianism often putting a stronger emphasis on God’s sovereign initiative and election, and Catholicism putting a stronger emphasis on human free will working with divine grace. They aren’t necessarily saying opposite things in their ultimate goal—to affirm God as Savior—but they have different theological frameworks for understanding the beautiful dynamic of salvation.

C. Sacred Rituals: A Deeper Look at Sacraments and Ordinances

The nature and number of sacraments highlight key distinctions both point to God’s grace!

Baptism: A New Beginning!

• Presbyterian: Baptism is understood as a sign and seal of God’s covenant of grace. It marks an individual’s (often an infant of believing parents, or an adult convert) entry into the visible church and their union with Christ in His death and resurrection.³³ The way it’s done can vary (sprinkling, pouring, or immersion). Although It’s a means of grace, it’s not typically seen as automatically causing spiritual rebirth apart from faith rather as a seal of the promises received by faith. Infant baptism is common, based on a covenantal understanding that the children of believers are part of God’s covenant family.³⁴
• Catholic: Baptism (usually by pouring water) is considered essential for salvation. It’s believed to wash away original sin, give sanctifying grace, make the person a child of God and a member of the and leave an indelible spiritual mark.⁷ It’s seen as an act of spiritual regeneration, where the individual is “immersed into the death of Christ and rises with him as a ‘new creature’”.³⁵ Infant baptism is the standard practice, seen as a wonderful gift of God’s grace to the child.³⁰

The Lord’s Supper / Eucharist: Spiritual Nourishment!

• Presbyterian: The Lord’s Supper is a sacred meal of remembrance, proclamation, and spiritual communion.⁹ Believers share bread and wine as symbols of Christ’s body and blood, given for their salvation. In this act, they remember Christ’s sacrifice, proclaim His death until He comes again, and are spiritually nourished by Christ, who is believed to be present by the Holy Spirit to those who receive the elements in faith. Participation is typically open to all baptized believers who profess faith in Christ.
• Catholic: The Eucharist is the central sacrament, the “source and summit of the Christian life”.³⁸ Through the priest’s words of consecration, the bread and wine are believed to undergo transubstantiation, becoming the true Body, Blood, Soul, and Divinity of Jesus Christ, Although the outward appearances remain.¹⁰ The Mass is understood as a true, though unbloody, re-presentation of Christ’s one sacrifice on Calvary, making its benefits present and available. Receiving the Eucharist (Holy Communion) is seen as the most intimate union with Christ and a vital source of grace. Participation is normally reserved for baptized Catholics who are in a state of grace (meaning, not aware of having committed any unconfessed serious sin).

Additional Catholic Sacraments: Grace for Life’s Journey!

The Catholic Church recognizes five additional sacraments, each a channel of God’s blessing:

• Confirmation: Seen as completing baptismal grace, it strengthens the baptized with the gifts of the Holy Spirit and seals them more perfectly as witnesses of Christ.³⁵
• Penance (Reconciliation/Confession): Provides forgiveness for sins committed after Baptism through the absolution of a priest, requiring the penitent’s sorrow, confession, and willingness to make satisfaction.³⁰
• Anointing of the Sick: Offers spiritual strength, peace, and courage to those who are seriously ill or elderly, uniting their sufferings with Christ’s, and can include forgiveness of sins and sometimes physical healing.³⁵
• Holy Orders: The sacrament through which men are ordained as bishops, priests, or deacons, receiving a special grace and spiritual power to serve the Church in specific ministerial roles.³⁵
• Matrimony: A sacrament that unites a baptized man and woman in a lifelong covenant of love, signifying the union of Christ and the and giving them grace to live out their vows and raise children in the faith.³⁵

The seven sacraments in Catholicism are beautifully designed to walk with individuals through all major stages and needs of life, providing a full framework of grace from birth to death. This reflects the Catholic understanding of the Church as a nurturing mother, guiding her children with tangible ways to receive God’s help. Presbyterianism, while deeply valuing pastoral care and marking major life events, focuses its ordained sacraments on the two clear commands of Christ related to beginning the faith journey (Baptism) and ongoing spiritual food (Lord’s Supper), with grace primarily coming through the Word and Spirit, received by faith.

D. Church Structure and Leadership: How God Guides His People

The way the church is organized reflects its understanding of authority and ministry. It’s all about serving God and His people!

Presbyterian: Led by a Team of Elders!

Presbyterian church government is known for its representative style, with leadership shared between teaching elders (ministers) and ruling elders (laypersons) chosen by the congregation.¹² This system is often traced to biblical patterns, like the council in Jerusalem described in Acts 15 and the qualifications for elders in 1 Timothy.⁴⁶ The “priesthood of all believers” is a key theological idea influencing this shared leadership, where all members are seen as having direct access to God and a role in the church’s life.² Decisions are made by councils (Session, Presbytery, Synod, General Assembly), with the Book of Order providing the guiding framework.¹² Some believe this sharing of power is also a practical result of the Reformed understanding of human sinfulness (total depravity), as it provides checks and balances against any one person misusing authority.⁴⁷

Catholic: A Line of Leadership from the Apostles!

Catholic Church leadership is hierarchical, based on the teaching of Apostolic Succession.³ This is the belief that the spiritual authority Christ gave to His apostles has been passed down in an unbroken line to today’s Pope and bishops through the sacrament of Holy Orders.²² The Pope, as the Bishop of Rome and successor of St. Peter, is considered the Vicar of Christ on earth and holds supreme, full, immediate, and universal ordinary power in the Church.¹³ Bishops, working with the Pope, are responsible for teaching, sanctifying, and guiding their local dioceses. Priests are ordained as co-workers with the bishops, mainly to administer the sacraments and provide pastoral care in local parishes. Deacons assist bishops and priests in various ministries of word, liturgy, and charity.⁴⁸ This structure is seen as divinely set up to maintain the unity of the Church and the faithful passing on of the apostolic faith.

While both systems aim for faithful leadership, their underlying theological reasons differ. Presbyterian leadership often emphasizes finding God’s will together for mission and ministry, guided by Scripture, within a democratic-republican style. Catholic leadership emphasizes maintaining apostolic order and doctrinal unity through a divinely established hierarchical teaching authority, tasked with preserving the treasure of faith. This can lead to Presbyterianism having a wider variety of practice and interpretation among its different groups 54, Although the Catholic system aims for greater uniformity under a central authority.

E. The Communion of Saints: Our Connection with Believers Past and Present

How we understand the connection between believers on earth and those in heaven varies both affirm a great family of faith!

Presbyterian: A Spiritual Family United in Christ!

Presbyterians affirm the “communion of saints” as stated in the Apostles’ Creed. This is generally understood as the spiritual unity and fellowship of all believers – past, present, and future – who are united in Christ as one body. Mary is honored as the mother of Jesus and a model of faith, and other saints are respected as inspiring examples of godly living.⁵ But direct communication with or asking for prayers from those who have passed on is not part of Presbyterian belief or practice; prayer is directed to God alone through Jesus Christ, the only mediator.⁵

Catholic: A Vast Family Praying for Each Other!

Catholics also believe in the communion of but with a broader understanding of the interaction between the Church on earth (Church Militant), the saints in heaven (Church Triumphant), and the souls being purified in Purgatory (Church Suffering – a state Presbyterians do not affirm 8). Catholics believe that the saints in heaven are not distant but are actively aware of and concerned for believers on earth, and that they intercede with God on their behalf.¹⁵ Mary, as the Mother of God, is given the highest honor among the saints and is seen as a powerful intercessor and spiritual mother to all believers.¹⁵ Catholics, therefore, pray to Mary and the asking for their prayers and assistance, while always directing worship to God alone.⁴¹ This belief in the intercession of saints, particularly Mary, illustrates a significant distinction between the faith perspectives of Catholics and atheists. While Catholics seek comfort and guidance through the presence of the saints, atheists hold a secular viewpoint, often relying on reason and empirical evidence rather than spiritual intercession. This fundamental difference in understanding the role of divine figures shapes the way each group approaches life’s challenges and moral dilemmas.

These different views suggest varying understandings of the nature of the connection, or “veil,” between believers on earth and those who have passed into God’s presence. Catholic practices imply a belief in a more open connection, where saints in heaven are actively involved and communicative. Presbyterian practices, while affirming spiritual unity with all believers in Christ, tend to emphasize Christ as the singular point of intercession and may see a less defined active, communicative engagement between the living and the saints in glory.

IV. Living the Faith: Similarities and Differences in Christian Life

Our beliefs find real expression in how we worship, pray, and engage with the world around us. It’s about living out God’s love!

A. Worship Styles: From Beautiful Liturgy to Heartfelt Sermons

The main way we worship together often shows the distinct theological heart of each tradition.

A typical Catholic Mass is known for its liturgical structure, following a set order of prayers, readings, and rituals that have deep historical roots.¹ The Eucharist is the heart and soul of the Mass, understood as the re-presentation of Christ’s sacrifice and receiving His true Body and Blood.¹⁰ The Mass often engages many senses with beautiful vestments for the clergy, candles, incense, bells, sacred music (often including chants or traditional hymns), and inspiring sacred art and architecture. The readings from Scripture follow a set cycle called the Lectionary, making sure everyone hears a wide range of the Bible over time.

A typical Presbyterian worship service, while also including Scripture readings, prayer, and music, tends to be simpler in its liturgical form and places a strong central focus on the sermon – the explanation and application of a biblical text.¹ Prayers might be more varied in form, including pastor-led prayers, silent prayer, or group prayers that aren’t strictly tied to a fixed liturgy. Hymn singing is a vital part of Presbyterian worship, expressing praise, theological reflection, and shared faith. Although the Lord’s Supper is deeply valued, it might be celebrated less often than the weekly Eucharist in Catholic parishes, often happening monthly or quarterly.

These distinct worship styles aren’t just random; they are intentional expressions of each tradition’s core beliefs. The Catholic Mass, centered on the Eucharist as a sacrament bringing the Real Presence and sacrificial reality, embodies the belief in sacraments as primary ways to receive grace and the priest acting in persona Christi (in the person of Christ).¹⁰ The liturgy connects the local community to the universal Church and its ancient Tradition. The Presbyterian service, centered on the sermon, embodies the Reformation principle of Sola Scriptura and the conviction that faith comes through hearing God’s Word proclaimed and explained.⁵ The often simpler form reflects a desire to avoid rituals or practices not clearly based in Scripture and to emphasize direct access to God through Word and Spirit.

B. Prayer and Devotion: Common Ways and Unique Expressions to Connect with God

Beyond group worship, personal and community prayer life also shows similarities and beautiful distinctions.

Both Presbyterians and Catholics share a fundamental belief in the importance of personal prayer, group prayer within the and the spiritual discipline of reading and reflecting on Scripture. That’s a wonderful common ground!

Presbyterian devotional life typically emphasizes direct prayer to God – Father, Son, and Holy Spirit – informed and guided by an understanding of Scripture. Family worship, where families pray and read the Bible together, has historically been encouraged. Being part of small group Bible studies and prayer meetings is also common, building fellowship and mutual spiritual growth.

Catholic devotional life, while also including direct prayer to God and Scripture reading, includes a wider range of traditional practices. These might include praying the Rosary (a contemplative prayer focused on the mysteries of Christ’s life, death, and resurrection, with Mary’s intercession), the Stations of the Cross (a meditation on Christ’s suffering), novenas (nine days of prayer for a particular intention or in honor of a saint), Eucharistic Adoration (spending time in prayer before the consecrated Eucharist), and honoring relics (physical remains or personal effects of understood as reminders of their holy lives and God’s work through them).¹ Many Catholics also follow the Liturgy of the Hours (Divine Office), a structured cycle of daily prayer. Using sacramentals, such as holy water, blessed candles, or crucifixes, is also common, seen as aids to devotion and openness to God’s grace.

One way to understand these differences is to see that Catholic devotional life often includes more “mediated” practices – that is, approaching God or seeking grace through the prayers of Mary and the or through using sacramentals and established liturgical forms. Presbyterian devotional life tends to emphasize a more “direct” engagement with God through personal prayer and studying Scripture, with Christ as the only mediator. This isn’t an absolute rule – Catholics pray directly to God, and Presbyterians value group prayer forms – but the range and nature of common devotional practices show this difference in emphasis. Each offers meaningful paths for believers to connect with our loving God.

C. Social Teachings and Community Engagement: Being God’s Hands and Feet

Both traditions strongly affirm the biblical call to love our neighbors, seek justice, and care for the poor and those on the margins. This is where faith shines brightly!

Catholic Social Teaching is a well-developed and full body of teaching that addresses social, economic, political, and ethical issues. Key principles include the inherent dignity of every human person from conception to natural death, the importance of the common good, solidarity among all peoples, a special care for the poor and vulnerable, the dignity of work, and care for creation.¹³ These teachings are often shared in papal letters (encyclicals) and other official Church documents and are put into practice through a huge global network of Catholic hospitals, schools, universities, and charitable organizations (like Caritas Internationalis or Catholic Charities). What a blessing to the world!

Presbyterian Social Witness also has a rich history of being involved in social reform, education, and speaking up for justice, often driven by a strong sense of biblical calling.² Ways of approaching social issues can vary among different Presbyterian denominations and congregations. For instance, the Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.) has historically been quite vocal on issues of systemic injustice, peace, and human rights, with its General Assembly often issuing statements and policy recommendations.² Other Presbyterian groups, like the Presbyterian Church in America (PCA), may put a greater emphasis on individual evangelism, discipleship, and local church-based mercy ministries, while still affirming the importance of Christian compassion and service. The political leanings within Presbyterianism can also range from very liberal to very conservative.⁴³

While both traditions are called to be salt and light in the world, the ways this social engagement is organized and expressed can differ. The centralized structure of the Catholic Church allows for global statements and the mobilization of large-scale institutional efforts in areas like healthcare, education, and relief work.¹³ Presbyterian churches, being more connected in networks and less centralized globally, often express their social witness through denominational statements, the initiatives of regional presbyteries, the work of individual congregations, or through independent but historically Presbyterian-affiliated organizations. Despite these differences in approach or specific priorities, the shared underlying commitment to Christian service and making a positive difference in the world remains a powerful point of unity. God is pleased when His people serve!

Conclusion: Growing Together in Christ

Our journey exploring the similarities and differences between Presbyterian and Catholic faiths shows us a rich and beautiful story of Christian belief and practice.

We’ve seen that both traditions are wonderfully bound together by a shared love for Jesus Christ, a common belief in the Triune God, the authority of Holy Scripture (though understood with some different companions), and the foundational truths declared in the ancient creeds.¹ These are powerful, life-giving connections! At the same time, major historical paths and theological understandings have led to distinct views on ultimate authority (Scripture alone vs. Scripture, Tradition, and Magisterium) 5, the way to salvation (grace through faith alone vs. Grace, faith, works, and sacraments) 1, the number and meaning of sacraments or ordinances 5, the role and honor given to Mary and the saints 5, and the structure of church leadership.¹¹ Neither tradition can be fully appreciated without understanding its unique spiritual journey and the beautiful way its beliefs fit together.

As fellow followers of Christ, the most important way to respond to these differences is with love, respect, and a genuine desire to understand. It’s easy to fall back on old stereotypes or past hurts the path of Christian charity calls us to listen carefully, to learn accurately, and to engage with people from other traditions with an open heart and mind. Recognizing the sincere faith in others, even when their ways of expressing it are different from our own, is a sign of spiritual maturity and God’s grace at work in us.

The Christian faith is a magnificent story woven with many beautiful threads. Presbyterianism and Catholicism represent two major and lasting patterns within that larger design. Each has nurtured countless souls, inspired great works of art and service, and contributed profoundly to the story of Christianity. Whether one calls themselves Presbyterian or Catholic, or any other Christian tradition, our deepest identity is found in being saved by His incredible grace, and called to reflect the love and light of Jesus Christ to a world that desperately needs it. May our growing understanding of one another lead not to more division to a deeper appreciation for the vastness of God’s wisdom, the richness of His and the many and varied ways His Spirit works in the hearts and lives of His people, drawing us all towards unity in Him. Amen!