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Resumo
- John 1:1–3 says the Word was with God in the beginning and that all things were made through him; Colossians 1:17 says Christ “is before all things.”
- Jesus said, “before Abraham was, I am” (John 8:58), and spoke of the glory he had with the Father “before the world existed” (John 17:5).
- The Council of Chalcedon (451) taught that the Son was begotten of the Father “before the worlds” and born of Mary “in these last days.”
- Arius argued around 318 that “there was a time when the Son was not”; the Council of Nicaea condemned that view in 325.
- Jehovah’s Witnesses teach that God created Jesus before everything else; Oneness Pentecostals teach that the Son had a beginning while the Spirit in Jesus is eternal.
- Hebrews calls Christ a priest who “continues forever” and who secured “an eternal redemption” (Hebrews 7:24; 9:12).
Bibliografia (Clique para mostrar)
- Scripture quotations from the English Standard Version: Exodus 3:14; Isaiah 9:6; 44:6; Micah 5:2; John 1:1–3, 14; 6:62; 8:56–59; 17:5, 24; Galatians 4:4; Philippians 2:6–7; Colossians 1:15–17; Hebrews 1:2, 10–12; 7:3, 23–25; 9:12; 13:8; Revelation 1:8; 22:13, 16. The King James Version for Micah 5:2; the ESV note on Proverbs 8:22 for the Septuagint reading “created.”
- Definition of Faith of the Council of Chalcedon (451), in Pais Nicenos e Pós-Nicenos, second series, vol. 14. https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/3811.htm
- “Nicene Creed,” Wikipedia, for the Greek texts of 325 and 381 and the anathema of 325. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicene_Creed
- United States Conference of Catholic Bishops, “What We Believe,” text of the Nicene Creed. https://www.usccb.org/beliefs-and-teachings/what-we-believe
- Ignatius of Antioch, Letter to Polycarp, chapter 3. https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0110.htm
- Justino Mártir, Diálogo com Trifão, chapter 61. https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/01285.htm
- Ireneu de Lião, Contra as Heresias 2.30.9. https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0103230.htm
- Origen, Sobre os Primeiros Princípios 1.2.4. https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/04121.htm
- Socrates Scholasticus, História Eclesiástica 1.5. https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/26011.htm
- Athanasius, Four Discourses Against the Arians, discourse 2. https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/28162.htm
- R. P. C. Hanson, The Search for the Christian Doctrine of God: The Arian Controversy 318–381 (T&T Clark, 1988).
- Jehovah’s Witnesses, “Why Is Jesus Called the Son of God?” https://www.jw.org/en/bible-teachings/questions/jesus-son-of-god/; New World Translation, John 1. https://www.jw.org/en/library/bible/study-bible/books/john/1/
- United Pentecostal Church International, “Our Beliefs.” https://www.upci.org/about/our-beliefs
- David K. Bernard, The Oneness of God (Word Aflame Press, 1983), chapters 5 and 8.
