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Résumé
- The New Testament tells us how only two of the Twelve died: Judas Iscariot hanged himself (Matthew 27:5), and James son of Zebedee was killed with the sword in AD 44 (Acts 12:2).
- Peter was crucified in Rome under Nero, and the first account of his crucifixion head downward comes from the Acts of Peter, written in the late second century.
- Paul was beheaded in Rome, as Tertullian and Eusebius both report.
- John is the one apostle tradition says died of old age, at Ephesus in the reign of Trajan (from AD 98), which makes him the last of the Twelve to die.
- For the other apostles we have later traditions of uneven reliability, and in the second century Heracleon said Matthew, Philip and Thomas were not martyred.
- The fall from the temple and the fuller’s club belong to James the Just, the brother of the Lord, killed in AD 62, and not to James son of Alphaeus.
Bibliographie (cliquer pour afficher)
- Les citations bibliques proviennent de la version King James (1611), texte du livre électronique du Projet Gutenberg n° 10 (Matthieu 8:14 ; 10:3–4 ; 27:3–5 ; Marc 2:14 ; 14:50 ; Luc 6:15–16 ; Jean 1:41, 44 ; 19:26–27 ; 21:18–19, 23 ; Actes 1:18–19, 26 ; 12:2 ; 1 Corinthiens 7:8 ; 9:5 ; Galates 1:19). https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/10
- Clément de Rome. Première épître aux Corinthiens, chapitre 5. Traduit par John Keith. Ante-Nicene Fathers, vol. 9. New Advent. https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/1010.htm
- Eusèbe. Histoire ecclésiastique, Livre II, chapitres 9, 23 et 25. Traduit par Arthur Cushman McGiffert. Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, 2e série, vol. 1. New Advent. https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/250102.htm
- Eusèbe. Histoire ecclésiastique, Livre III, chapitres 1, 18, 23, 30 et 31. New Advent. https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/250103.htm
- Eusèbe. Histoire ecclésiastique, Livre V, chapitre 10. New Advent. https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/250105.htm
- Tertullien. La Prescription contre les hérétiques, chapitre 36. Ante-Nicene Fathers, vol. 3. New Advent. https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0311.htm
- Clément d'Alexandrie. Stromates, Livre IV, chapitre 9 (citant Héracléon). Ante-Nicene Fathers, vol. 2. New Advent. https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/02104.htm
- Jérôme. De viris illustribus, chapitre 1. Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, 2e série, vol. 3. New Advent. https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/2708.htm
- Les Actes de Pierre, chapitres 37–38 ; Les Actes d'André; Les Actes de Thomas, chapitres 164–168. Traduit par M. R. James, Le Nouveau Testament apocryphe (Oxford, 1924). Écrits chrétiens primitifs. http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/actspeter.html; http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/actsandrew.html; http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/actsthomas.html
- Encyclopédie catholique (1907–1912) : « St. Andrew », https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01471a.htm ; « St. James the Greater », https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08279b.htm ; « St. James the Less », https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08280a.htm ; « St. John the Evangelist », https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08492a.htm ; « St. Matthew », https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/10056b.htm ; « St. Matthias », https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/10066a.htm ; « St. Peter, Prince of the Apostles », https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/11744a.htm ; « St. Philip the Apostle », https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/11799a.htm ; « St. Simon the Apostle », https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/13796b.htm ; « St. Thomas the Apostle », https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14658b.htm
- Orthodox Church in America. Vies des saints : « Apostle Bartholomew of the Twelve », https://www.oca.org/saints/lives/2026/06/11/101690-apostle-bartholomew-of-the-twelve ; « Apostle Jude, the Brother of the Lord », https://www.oca.org/saints/lives/2026/06/19/101752-apostle-jude-the-brother-of-the-lord ; « Apostle Simon the Zealot », https://www.oca.org/saints/lives/2026/05/10/101337-apostle-simon-the-zealot ; « Apostle Matthias of the Seventy », https://www.oca.org/saints/lives/2026/08/09/102243-apostle-matthias-of-the-seventy ; « Apostle James, son of Alphaeus », https://www.oca.org/saints/lives/2026/10/09/102916-apostle-james-son-of-alphaeus
- « Saint Pierre l'Apôtre ». Encyclopædia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Saint-Peter-the-Apostle
- « Saint Jacques, fils de Zébédée ». Encyclopædia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/biography/St-James-son-of-Zebedee
- « Saint Jacques, frère du Seigneur ». Encyclopædia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Saint-James-the-Lords-brother
- McDowell, Sean. « Did the Apostles Really Die as Martyrs for their Faith? » Biola Magazine, 4 novembre 2013. https://www.biola.edu/blogs/biola-magazine/2013/did-the-apostles-really-die-as-martyrs-for-their-f
- Smith, Kyle. « What Do the Apostles’ Deaths Prove? » Article invité, The Bart Ehrman Blog, 12 mars 2023. https://ehrmanblog.org/what-do-the-apostles-deaths-prove-guest-post-by-kyle-smith/
- Benoît XVI. Homélie aux premières vêpres de la solennité des saints Pierre et Paul, clôture de l'Année paulinienne, 28 juin 2009. https://www.vatican.va/content/benedict-xvi/fr/homilies/2009/documents/hf_ben-xvi_hom_20090628_chius-anno-paolino.html
- Rasmussen, Kaare Lund, et al. « Investigations of the relics and altar materials relating to the apostles St James and St Philip at the Basilica dei Santi XII Apostoli in Rome ». Science du patrimoine 9, 14 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40494-021-00481-9
- « Cathédrale de Salerne ». Wikipédia (sur la translation des reliques de saint Matthieu en 954). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salerno_Cathedral
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