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Summary
- The Gospels record Jesus eating bread, barley loaves and fish, drinking wine and keeping the Passover; he looked for figs when hungry (Mark 11:12–13).
- He ate fish, and the Passover lamb is implied in Matthew, Mark and Luke; John dates the Last Supper before the Passover meal, and no other meat is named.
- After the resurrection he ate broiled fish (Luke 24:42–43); “and of an honeycomb” is in the King James Version but missing from many manuscripts.
- On the cross he refused wine mixed with myrrh (Mark 15:23) and later received the vinegar, a sour wine (John 19:30).
- Galileans ate barley and wheat bread, olives, figs, grapes and fish from the lake, which Josephus and Strabo describe; tomatoes, potatoes and corn came from the Americas after 1492.
- The Gospels never show Jesus eating food the Law forbade; his disputes were over hand-washing and whom he ate with.
Bibliography (Click to show)
- Scripture quotations are from the King James Version (1611), text of Project Gutenberg eBook no. 10 (Exodus 12:8, 15–18; Leviticus 11:7; Deuteronomy 8:8; 14:9–10; 2 Samuel 17:28–29; Matthew 4:2–11; 11:18–19; 14:20; 27:34; Mark 1:6; 2:16; 3:20; 6:41; 7:2, 18–19; 11:12–13; 14:12, 20–25; 15:23; Luke 4:2; 7:38; 11:11–12, 38; 14:1; 22:15; 24:30, 39–43; John 2:1–11; 4:7; 6:9; 13:23, 26; 18:28; 19:14, 28–30; 21:9–13; Acts 10:14, 41; 15:29; Romans 14:3). https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/10
- English Standard Version, Luke 24:42 (with footnote) and Mark 7:19. BibleGateway. https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Luke+24%3A42%3BMark+7%3A19&version=ESV
- Josephus, Flavius. The Wars of the Jews (The Jewish War), book 2, chapters 8 and 20, and book 3, chapter 10. Translated by William Whiston. Project Gutenberg eBook no. 2850. https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/2850
- Strabo. Geography, book 16, chapter 2, section 45. Translated by H. L. Jones. Loeb Classical Library, 1930. LacusCurtius. https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Strabo/16B*.html
- Clement of Alexandria. The Instructor (Paedagogus), book 2, chapter 1. In Ante-Nicene Fathers, vol. 2. https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/02092.htm
- Ignatius of Antioch. Epistle to the Smyrnaeans, chapter 3. In Ante-Nicene Fathers, vol. 1. https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0109.htm
- Babylonian Talmud, Berakhot 37a. William Davidson Edition, Sefaria. https://www.sefaria.org/Berakhot.37a
- Code of Canon Law (1983), canon 926. https://www.vatican.va/archive/cod-iuris-canonici/eng/documents/cic_lib4-cann879-958_en.html
- Catechism of the Catholic Church, paragraph 582. https://www.vatican.va/content/catechism/en/part_one/section_two/chapter_two/article_4/paragraph_1_jesus_and_israel.html
- Orthodox Church in America. “Leavened Bread vs. Unleavened.” Questions and Answers. https://www.oca.org/questions/divineliturgy/leavened-bread-vs.-unleavened
- Seventh-day Adventist Church. Fundamental Beliefs, no. 22, “Christian Behavior.” https://gc.adventist.org/beliefs/
- Britannica Editors. “Essene.” Encyclopaedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Essene
- “Columbian Exchange.” Encyclopaedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/event/Columbian-exchange
