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Samenvatting
- Jezebel was the daughter of Ethbaal, king of the Sidonians, and the wife of Ahab, king of Israel (1 Kings 16:31), and Josephus, quoting Menander, calls Ethbaal a priest of Astarte.
- Zij bevorderde de aanbidding van Baäl, onderhield 450 profeten van Baäl en 400 van Asjera aan haar tafel, doodde de profeten van de Heer en zwoer Elia te doden (1 Koningen 18–19).
- So that Ahab could take Naboth’s vineyard, she had Naboth stoned on a false charge of blasphemy, and his sons were killed as well (1 Kings 21; 2 Kings 9:26).
- Jehu had her thrown from a window at Jezreel, and dogs ate her body, as Elijah had said they would (2 Kings 9:30–37).
- Her name is usually explained as “Where is the Prince?”, a cry for the god Baal, and Revelation 2:20 gives it to a different woman, a false prophetess at Thyatira.
- The Bible never names a “Jezebel spirit”: the idea comes from modern popular books, and a 2009 scholarly study judged it a misreading of Kings.
Bibliografie (Klik om te tonen)
- Bijbelcitaten zijn afkomstig uit de King James Version (1611), tekst van Project Gutenberg eBook nr. 10 (Exodus 20:3; Leviticus 24:16; 25:23; Deuteronomium 17:6; 1 Koningen 16:8–33; 18:3–40; 19:1–8; 21:1–29; 22:34–38, 51–52; 2 Koningen 3:1; 8:18, 26; 9:1–37; 10:11–28; Hosea 1:2; Lukas 1:17; Handelingen 16:14; Openbaring 1:11; 2:6, 15, 18–24). https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/10
- Brenton, Lancelot C. L., vert. De Septuaginta-versie van het Oude Testament, 3 Koningen 19:2. eBible.org. https://ebible.org/eng-Brenton/1KI19.htm
- Josephus, Flavius. Joodse Oudheden, boek 8, hoofdstuk 13, en Tegen Apion, boek 1, sectie 18. Vertaald door William Whiston. Project Gutenberg eBooks nrs. 2848 en 2849. https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/2848 ; https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/2849
- Britannica-redacteuren. “Jezebel.” Encyclopaedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jezebel-queen-of-Israel
- Britannica-redacteuren. “Baal.” Encyclopaedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Baal-ancient-deity
- Britannica Editors. “Openbaring van Johannes.” Encyclopaedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Revelation-to-John
- Quine, Cat. “Jezebel.” Bible Odyssey, Society of Biblical Literature, 2020. https://www.bibleodyssey.org/articles/jezebel/
- Brenner, Athalya. “Jezebel: Bible.” Shalvi/Hyman Encyclopedie van Joodse vrouwen. Jewish Women’s Archive, 2009. https://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/jezebel-bible
- Hirsch, Emil G., en Ira Maurice Price. “Jezebel.” The Jewish Encyclopedia, vol. 7 (1906). https://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/8675-jezebel
- Gaines, Janet Howe. “How Bad Was Jezebel?” Bible Review, oktober 2000; opnieuw gepubliceerd in Bible History Daily, Biblical Archaeology Society. https://www.biblicalarchaeology.org/daily/people-cultures-in-the-bible/people-in-the-bible/how-bad-was-jezebel/
- Byrne, Ryan. “Where Is Jezebel?” Bible History Daily, Biblical Archaeology Society, 1 mei 2008 (over het YZBL-zegel; citeert N. Avigad, “The Seal of Jezebel,” Israel Exploration Journal 14, 1964, en M. C. A. Korpel, “Seals of Jezebel and Other Women in Authority,” Journal for Semitics 15, 2006). https://www.biblicalarchaeology.org/daily/biblical-artifacts/inscriptions/where-is-jezebel/
- Tertullianus. On Modesty, hoofdstuk 19. In Ante-Nicene Fathers, vol. 4. https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0407.htm
- “Verlangen en spirituele vorming in Ambrosius van Milaans Over Naboth,” New Humanity Institute. http://www.newhumanityinstitute.org/pdfs/article-ambrose-of-milan-on-naboth.pdf
- Budge, E. A. Wallis, vert. “Encomium on Elijah the Tishbite” (Koptisch, toegeschreven aan Johannes Chrysostomus). Handelingen van de Society of Biblical Archaeology 8 (1885–86) en Verhandelingen van de Society of Biblical Archaeology 9 (1893). https://www.tertullian.org/fathers/chrysostom_encomium_on_elijah.htm
- Stark, Trudie, en Hans J. M. van Deventer. “The ‘Jezebel spirit’: A scholarly inquiry.” Verbum et Ecclesia 30, nr. 2 (2009), art. 301. https://doi.org/10.4102/ve.v30i2.301
- “Jezebel.” Merriam-Webster woordenboek. https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Jezebel
- Pilgrim, David. “The Jezebel Stereotype.” Jim Crow Museum, Ferris State University, 2002, bewerkt 2024. https://jimcrowmuseum.ferris.edu/jezebel/index.htm
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