天主教、新教与东正教：比较指南（2025年更新与扩展版）

Christian Pure 团队

·

摘要

  • 天主教会将其起源追溯到使徒，特别是圣彼得，在1054年大分裂将天主教会和东正教会分开之前，西方曾有一个统一的基督教会，以罗马为中心。
  • 新教出现在16世纪，是西方基督教内部的一场改革运动，由马丁·路德在1517年张贴《九十五条论纲》引发，此后分裂成众多教派。
  • 天主教、新教和东正教的神学分歧包括对权威（圣经与传统）、圣礼（数量和意义）、玛利亚和圣徒以及救赎过程的看法。
  • 这些分支之间促进统一的努力包括普世对话、联合声明和精神合一，但由于教义、教会论和伦理上的分歧，挑战依然存在。

Catholics, Protestants, and Orthodox: A Faith-Filled Guide to Understanding Isn’t it amazing how big and diverse God’s family is? Christianity, this incredible faith that touches so many lives, has grown into different beautiful expressions over time. For over two thousand years, this faith has blossomed, and today, we see three main wonderful branches: the Catholic, Protestant, and Eastern Orthodox traditions. For so many of us who love the Lord, understanding how these paths are similar and where they have their…

Continue reading with a subscription

Get unlimited access to all our premium content and exclusive features.

Subscribe Now

Enjoy unlimited access, cancel anytime.

参考书目（点击显示）

    1. Which came first, the Orthodox or Catholic church in Rome? : r/history – Reddit, accessed May 20, 2025, https://www.reddit.com/r/history/comments/a74lhs/which_came_first_the_orthodox_or_catholic_church/

    1. History of the Early Church – Resources – RE:quest, accessed May 20, 2025, https://request.org.uk/resource//people/history/history-of-the-early-church/

    1. The Diversity Of Early Christianity | From Jesus To Christ – The First Christians | FRONTLINE, accessed May 20, 2025, https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/religion/first/diversity.html

    1. Protestant, Catholic and Orthodox: What’s the difference and does it …, accessed May 20, 2025, https://www.premierunbelievable.com/articles/protestant-catholic-and-orthodox-whats-the-difference-and-does-it-matter/14994.article

    1. East–West Schism – Wikipedia, accessed May 20, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism

    1. What Is the Great Schism of 1054? | Bible Study Tools, accessed May 20, 2025, https://www.biblestudytools.com/bible-study/topical-studies/what-is-the-great-schism-of-1054.html

    1. The Protestant Reformation and its key figures | The Renaissance …, accessed May 20, 2025, https://library.fiveable.me/the-renaissance/unit-7/protestant-reformation-key-figures/study-guide/vnCShuTpLzRz7bP8

    1. Reformation | Definition, History, Summary, Reformers, & Facts …, accessed May 20, 2025, https://www.britannica.com/event/Reformation

    1. Christian Denominations – Preceden Timeline Maker, accessed May 20, 2025, https://www.preceden.com/timelines/50595-christian-denominations

    1. Timeline of Christian History, accessed May 20, 2025, http://christianityinview.com/timeline.html

    1. 7.4 Major councils and the development of Christian doctrine – Fiveable, accessed May 20, 2025, https://library.fiveable.me/introduction-christianity/unit-7/major-councils-development-christian-doctrine/study-guide/HoTY8lAfjxjQwHwy

    1. Nicene Creed – Wikipedia, accessed May 20, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicene_Creed

    1. Early Church Councils and Christian Doctrine – Living Words, accessed May 20, 2025, https://livingwords.in/blogs/churches/early-church-councils-shaping-christian-doctrine

    1. Ecumenical council – Wikipedia, accessed May 20, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecumenical_council

    1. The Nicene Creed’s incarnational Trinitarian roots – The Surprising God, accessed May 20, 2025, https://thesurprisinggodblog.gci.org/p/nicene-creed.html

    1. The Trinity – Catechism of the Catholic Church, accessed May 20, 2025, https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/resource/55748/the-trinity-%E2%80%93-catechism-of-the-catholic-church

    1. Eastern Orthodox teaching regarding the Filioque – Wikipedia, accessed May 20, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_teaching_regarding_the_Filioque

    1. Catholicism vs Eastern Orthodoxy: Filioque – Reddit, accessed May 20, 2025, https://www.reddit.com/r/Catholicism/comments/snvkgf/catholicism_vs_eastern_orthodoxy_filioque/

    1. Sola scriptura – Wikipedia, accessed May 20, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura

    1. What is the history of the doctrine of the Trinity? – RealFaith, accessed May 20, 2025, https://realfaith.com/what-christians-believe/history-doctrine-trinity/

    1. The Holy Trinity in the Ecclesiology of Vatican II, accessed May 20, 2025, https://jenuwine.tripod.com/The%20Holy%20Trinity%20in%20the%20Ecclesiology%20of%20Vatican%20II.doc

    1. The Five Solas – The Gospel Coalition, accessed May 20, 2025, https://www.thegospelcoalition.org/essay/the-five-solas/

    1. Salvation as Theosis: The Teaching of Eastern Orthodoxy – The …, accessed May 20, 2025, https://www.thegospelcoalition.org/themelios/article/salvation-as-theosis-the-teaching-of-eastern-orthodoxy/

    1. Scripture and Tradition | Catholic Answers Tract, accessed May 20, 2025, https://www.catholic.com/tract/scripture-and-tradition

    1. The unity of Scripture and Tradition: Dei Verbum, Chapter 2 – Where Peter Is, accessed May 20, 2025, https://wherepeteris.com/the-unity-of-scripture-and-tradition-dei-verbum-chapter-2/

    1. studythechurch.com, accessed May 20, 2025, https://studythechurch.com/articles/etc/deuterocanonicals#:~:text=Catholics%20call%20these%20books%20%22deuterocanonical,not%20in%20any%20Protestant%20OT’s.

    1. How much of the deuterocanonical books are true? – Christianity Stack Exchange, accessed May 20, 2025, https://christianity.stackexchange.com/questions/79518/how-much-of-the-deuterocanonical-books-are-true

    1. A Question of Faith- Why is the Magisterium Important for Guiding the Faithful in Today’s World? – Diocese of Norwich, accessed May 20, 2025, https://www.norwichdiocese.org/Stay-Informed/All-Diocesan-Articles/ID/21863/A-Question-of-Faith-Why-is-the-Magisterium-Important-for-Guiding-the-Faithful-in-Todays-World

    1. On Waffling, Tradition, and the Magisterium | Catholic Culture, accessed May 20, 2025, https://www.catholicculture.org/commentary/on-waffling-tradition-and-magisterium/

    1. Is Sola Scriptura Scriptural? Part IV: Why do Protestants Embrace it?, accessed May 20, 2025, https://chnetwork.org/2018/03/13/sola-scriptura-scriptural-part-iv-protestants-embrace/

    1. Tradition in the Scriptures | – The Orthodox Faith, accessed May 20, 2025, http://theorthodoxfaith.com/article/tradition-in-the-scriptures/

    1. Scripture and the Eastern Orthodox – Reformation 21, accessed May 20, 2025, https://www.reformation21.org/blog/scripture-and-the-eastern-orthodox

    1. Sacred Tradition in Roman Catholicism, Protestantism, and Orthodoxy – Letters from Nebby, accessed May 20, 2025, https://lettersfromnebby.wordpress.com/2016/01/05/sacred-tradition-in-roman-catholicism-protestantism-and-orthodoxy/

    1. SESSION 3 HOLY TRADITION AND (CULTURAL) TRADITION IN THE ORTHODOX CHURCH, accessed May 20, 2025, https://annunciationrochester.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/Session-3-Holy-Tradition-2022.pdf

    1. Consensus, Agreement, Doctrine – Christianity – Britannica, accessed May 20, 2025, https://www.britannica.com/topic/Christianity/Consensus-patterns-of-agreement

    1. The Orthodox Faith – Volume I – Doctrine and Scripture – Sources of Christian Doctrine – The Fathers, accessed May 20, 2025, https://www.oca.org/orthodoxy/the-orthodox-faith/doctrine-scripture/sources-of-christian-doctrine/the-fathers

    1. Why Church Fathers Matters? : r/OrthodoxChristianity – Reddit, accessed May 20, 2025, https://www.reddit.com/r/OrthodoxChristianity/comments/1eq8k1i/why_church_fathers_matters/

    1. Justification in Catholic Teaching | EWTN, accessed May 20, 2025, https://www.ewtn.com/catholicism/library/justification-in-catholic-teaching-1063

    1. What Does the Roman Catholic Church Believe About Justification?, accessed May 20, 2025, https://learn.ligonier.org/articles/what-does-roman-catholic-church-believe-about-justification

    1. English 233: The Council of Trent: Decree on Justification (excerpt) – Kansas State University, accessed May 20, 2025, https://www.k-state.edu/english/baker/english233/Council_of_Trent6.htm

    1. Differences in the Sacraments | RUSSIAN ORTHODOX CATHEDRAL OF ST.JOHN THE BAPTIST, accessed May 20, 2025, https://stjohndc.org/en/orthodoxy-foundation/differences-sacraments

    1. Sacrament – Wikipedia, accessed May 20, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacrament

    1. Part Three Section One Man’s Vocation Life In The Spirit Chapter Three God’s Salvation: Law And Grace Article 2 Grace And Justification III. Merit – The Holy See, accessed May 20, 2025, https://www.vatican.va/content/catechism/en/part_three/section_one/chapter_three/article_2/iii_merit.html

    1. The Five Solas – Introduction to Protestantism, accessed May 20, 2025, http://protestantism.co.uk/solas

    1. Salvation in Christianity – Wikipedia, accessed May 20, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity

    1. aspects of arminian soteriology in methodist-lutheran ecumenical dialogues in 20th and 21st – HELDA, accessed May 20, 2025, https://helda.helsinki.fi/bitstreams/d6ef68a9-6702-4102-8e7e-3f91fee050ba/download

    1. Joint Declaration on the Doctrine of Justification | The Lutheran World Federation, accessed May 20, 2025, https://lutheranworld.org/resources/publication-joint-declaration-doctrine-justification

    1. Joint Declaration on the Doctrine of Justification – Anglican Communion, accessed May 20, 2025, https://www.anglicancommunion.org/media/460306/ecumenism_joint-declaration_2019_en.pdf

    1. Joint Declaration on the Doctrine of Justification | The Lutheran …, accessed May 20, 2025, https://www.lutheranworld.org/resources/publication-joint-declaration-doctrine-justification

    1. Faith and Works – St. Mary Antiochian Orthodox Church, accessed May 20, 2025, https://stmaryomaha.com/faith-and-works-2/

    1. Orthodox, Catholic, and Protestant Soteriology Compared and Contrasted, accessed May 20, 2025, https://orthodoxchristiantheology.com/2017/02/09/orthodox-catholic-and-protestant-soteriology-compared-and-contrasted/

    1. Do Sacraments play a part in Salvation? : r/OrthodoxChristianity – Reddit, accessed May 20, 2025, https://www.reddit.com/r/OrthodoxChristianity/comments/1ektj2q/do_sacraments_play_a_part_in_salvation/

    1. The Holy Mysteries (Sacraments) — Saint Katherine Greek Orthodox …, accessed May 20, 2025, https://stkatherineaz.org/the-holy-mysteries-sacraments

    1. Part Two Section Two The Seven Sacrements Of The Church – The Holy See, accessed May 20, 2025, https://www.vatican.va/content/catechism/en/part_two/section_two.html

    1. The Ordinances of the Church – The Gospel Coalition, accessed May 20, 2025, https://www.thegospelcoalition.org/essay/the-ordinances-of-the-church/

    1. Catechism of the Catholic Church | Catholic Culture, accessed May 20, 2025, https://www.catholicculture.org/culture/library/catechism/index.cfm?recnum=4035

    1. Transubstantiation | EBSCO Research Starters, accessed May 20, 2025, https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/religion-and-philosophy/transubstantiation

    1. Transubstantiation – Wikipedia, accessed May 20, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transubstantiation

    1. Four Views of the Lord’s Supper – Ways to Learn at Ligonier.org, accessed May 20, 2025, https://learn.ligonier.org/podcasts/simply-put/four-views-of-the-lords-supper

    1. The Sacraments (Mysteries) | Annunciation Greek Orthodox Church, accessed May 20, 2025, https://www.greekorthodoxchurchbuffalo.org/our-faith/the-sacraments-mysteries

    1. Consubstantiation – Digital Collections – University of Michigan, accessed May 20, 2025, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/d/did/did2222.0003.670/–consubstantiation?rgn=main;view=fulltext

    1. Consubstantiation | Definition & Doctrine – Britannica, accessed May 20, 2025, https://www.britannica.com/topic/consubstantiation

    1. Lord’s Supper in Reformed theology – Wikipedia, accessed May 20, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord%27s_Supper_in_Reformed_theology

    1. What is memorialism? What is a memorialist? | GotQuestions.org, accessed May 20, 2025, https://www.gotquestions.org/memorialism.html

    1. Memorialism – Wikipedia, accessed May 20, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memorialism

    1. What are dulia, hyperdulia, and latria? | GotQuestions.org, accessed May 20, 2025, https://www.gotquestions.org/dulia-hyperdulia-latria.html

    1. Saints Perserve Us | Catholic Answers Magazine, accessed May 20, 2025, https://www.catholic.com/magazine/print-edition/saints-perserve-us

    1. Catholic Mariology – Wikipedia, accessed May 20, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Mariology

    1. Mary in the Catechism: The Four Marian Dogmas – Amazing Catechists, accessed May 20, 2025, https://amazingcatechists.com/2024/11/mary-in-the-catechism-the-four-marian-dogmas/

    1. Ecumenical Councils Fact Sheet – Christendom College Graduate School, accessed May 20, 2025, https://graduate.christendom.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/Ecumenical-Councils-Fact-Sheet.pdf

    1. The Evolution of the Church (The 21 Ecumenical Councils) – CCBI NATIONAL YOUTH COMMISSION, accessed May 20, 2025, https://ccbiyouth.in/Blogs.php?BlogID=MDEwNTIwMjAwNjM4MTY=

    1. “Is Christ Alone the Way to Salvation? Understanding Solus Christus …, accessed May 20, 2025, https://g3min.org/is-christ-alone-the-way-to-salvation-understanding-solus-christus/

    1. Intercession of saints – Wikipedia, accessed May 20, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intercession_of_saints

    1. Annunciation of the Theotokos – Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of …, accessed May 20, 2025, https://www.goarch.org/annunciation

    1. The Ever-Virginity of the Mother of God – Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America, accessed May 20, 2025, https://www.goarch.org/-/the-ever-virginity-of-the-mother-of-god

    1. The Assumption in Orthodox Tradition | ONE Magazine – CNEWA, accessed May 20, 2025, https://cnewa.org/magazine/the-assumption-in-orthodox-tradition-30165/

    1. Apologetics: Assumption of Mary – The 4 Marks – Church Fathers, Early Christian Writings, accessed May 20, 2025, https://4marksofthechurch.com/apologetics-assumption-of-mary/

    1. Dormition of the Mother of God – Wikipedia, accessed May 20, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dormition_of_the_Mother_of_God

    1. Help me understand intercession of Saints? : r/OrthodoxChristianity – Reddit, accessed May 20, 2025, https://www.reddit.com/r/OrthodoxChristianity/comments/1hwkcyn/help_me_understand_intercession_of_saints/

    1. On Intercessions | Coptic Orthodox Diocese of Los Angeles, accessed May 20, 2025, https://www.lacopts.org/orthodoxy/our-faith/the-saints/on-intercessions/

    1. Intercession of Saints – Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church – Bangalore Diocese, accessed May 20, 2025, https://www.bangaloreorthodoxdiocese.org/intercession-of-saints/

    1. Understanding the Divine Litergy in Orthodox Christianity, accessed May 20, 2025, https://www.orthodoxchristianity101.com/post/understanding-the-divine-litergy-in-orthodox-christianity

    1. Eastern Orthodox Liturgics | Iconography and Worship, accessed May 20, 2025, https://liturgica.com/litEOLitIcon.html

    1. Five solae – Wikipedia, accessed May 20, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_solae

    1. Basic Texts for the Roman Catholic Eucharist THE ORDER OF MASS, accessed May 20, 2025, https://catholic-resources.org/ChurchDocs/Mass-RM3.htm

    1. A Brief Introduction To The Church Fathers – Geeks Under Grace, accessed May 20, 2025, https://www.geeksundergrace.com/books/a-brief-introduction-to-the-church-fathers/

    1. What did the Early Church believe about the authority of Scripture …, accessed May 20, 2025, https://christiananswers.net/q-eden/sola-scriptura-earlychurch.html

    1. St. Irenaeus On Scripture and Tradition – catholictheology – WordPress.com, accessed May 20, 2025, https://catholictheology.wordpress.com/2018/04/16/st-irenaeus-on-scripture-and-tradition/

    1. Tradition Disproves Catholic and Orthodox View of Apostolic Succession: Part I, accessed May 20, 2025, https://orthodoxchristiantheology.com/2015/03/03/tradition-disproves-catholic-and-orthodox-view-of-apostolic-succession-part-i/

    1. What the Early Church Believed: The Real Presence | Catholic …, accessed May 20, 2025, https://www.catholic.com/tract/the-real-presence

    1. The Real Presence – Church Fathers, accessed May 20, 2025, https://www.churchfathers.org/the-real-presence

    1. What the Early Church Believed: The Authority of the Pope | Catholic …, accessed May 20, 2025, https://www.catholic.com/tract/the-authority-of-the-pope-part-i

    1. Primacy of Peter – Wikipedia, accessed May 20, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primacy_of_Peter

    1. What the Early Church Believed: Peter’s Primacy | Catholic Answers Tract, accessed May 20, 2025, https://www.catholic.com/tract/peters-primacy

    1. The Patristic Praise of Mary – EWTN, accessed May 20, 2025, https://www.ewtn.com/catholicism/library/patristic-praise-of-mary-1021

    1. Mary and the Early Fathers – Mary, Mother of God – Catholic Online, accessed May 20, 2025, https://www.catholic.org/mary/maryef.php

    1. CHURCH FATHERS: Assumption of Mary – New Advent, accessed May 20, 2025, https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0832.htm

    1. Patristric Texts on Justification | Modern Reformation, accessed May 20, 2025, https://www.modernreformation.org/resources/articles/patristric-texts-on-justification

    1. The Gospel According to the Church Fathers | Effectual Grace, accessed May 20, 2025, https://effectualgrace.com/2011/09/24/the-gospel-according-to-the-church-fathers/

    1. Hierarchy of the Catholic Church – Vatican Tours, accessed May 20, 2025, https://www.vaticancitytours.it/blog/hierarchy-of-the-catholic-church/

    1. The Hierarchy of the Catholic Church: History, Meaning, and Relevance Today, accessed May 20, 2025, https://catholicus.eu/en/the-hierarchy-of-the-catholic-church-history-meaning-and-relevance-today/

    1. The Hierarchy of the Catholic Church: History, Meaning, and …, accessed May 20, 2025, https://www.catholicus.eu/en/the-hierarchy-of-the-catholic-church-history-meaning-and-relevance-today/

    1. Apostolic succession – Wikipedia, accessed May 20, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostolic_succession

    1. The role of the laity – Catholic Courier, accessed May 20, 2025, https://catholiccourier.com/articles/the-role-of-the-laity/

    1. Eastern Orthodox Church – Wikipedia, accessed May 20, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church

    1. Organization of the Eastern Orthodox Church – Wikipedia, accessed May 20, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organization_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church

    1. The Role of the Laity in the Orthodox Church – Almoutran, accessed May 20, 2025, https://almoutran.com/2021/09/6289/

    1. Church Governance: Meaning & History | StudySmarter, accessed May 20, 2025, https://www.studysmarter.co.uk/explanations/religious-studies/clergy-and-leadership/church-governance/

    1. Church Governance in Times of Conflict – Digital Commons @ Andrews University, accessed May 20, 2025, https://digitalcommons.andrews.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3467&context=pubs

    1. The structure and meaning of the Mass | USCCB, accessed May 20, 2025, https://www.usccb.org/offices/public-affairs/structure-and-meaning-mass

    1. Devotions – Saint Augustine Roman Catholic Church – Kelso, MO, accessed May 20, 2025, https://staugustinekelso.org/devotions

    1. Devotions | Catholic Parishes of Arlington, accessed May 20, 2025, https://cparl.org/devotions

    1. What Is Orthodoxy? Understanding Orthodox Interpretation of Scripture – Logos Bible Software, accessed May 20, 2025, https://www.logos.com/grow/what-is-orthodoxy/

    1. The Orthodox Faith – Volume IV – Spirituality – Prayer, Fasting, and Almsgiving – The Jesus Prayer, accessed May 20, 2025, https://www.oca.org/orthodoxy/the-orthodox-faith/spirituality/prayer-fasting-and-almsgiving/the-jesus-prayer

    1. An Introduction to Orthodox Spirituality – Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America, accessed May 20, 2025, https://www.goarch.org/-/an-introduction-to-orthodox-spirituality

    1. Spiritual Disciplines – St. Michael the Archangel Orthodox Church, accessed May 20, 2025, https://orthodoxstl.com/spiritual-disciplines/

    1. The Orthodox Faith – Volume IV – Spirituality – Orthodox Church in …, accessed May 20, 2025, https://www.oca.org/orthodoxy/the-orthodox-faith/spirituality

    1. What is Orthodox Christianity? – Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of …, accessed May 20, 2025, https://www.goarch.org/introduction

    1. What Worship Style Is Right for Your Church? – Vanderbloemen, accessed May 20, 2025, https://www.vanderbloemen.com/resources/what-worship-style-is-right-for-your-church/

    1. May someone here please give me example (s) of lutrigical and non-lutirgical worship? : r/TrueChristian – Reddit, accessed May 20, 2025, https://www.reddit.com/r/TrueChristian/comments/1fi967d/may_someone_here_please_give_me_example_s_of/

    1. The rediscovery of spiritual practices within Protestantism, accessed May 20, 2025, https://scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S2413-94672020000100022

    1. Understanding the Remnant Church: Beliefs, Practices, and Mission | Ministry Brands, accessed May 20, 2025, https://www.ministrybrands.com/church-management

    1. 9 Essential Spiritual Disciplines for the Ministry Student | PLNU, accessed May 20, 2025, https://www.pointloma.edu/resources/theology-christian-ministry/9-essential-spiritual-disciplines-ministry-student

    1. 10 Spiritual Disciplines to Strengthen Your Faith | Cru, accessed May 20, 2025, https://www.cru.org/us/en/train-and-grow/spiritual-growth/spiritual-disciplines-strengthen-faith.html

    1. accessed January 1, 1970, https://www.learnreligions.com/protestant-christianity-overview-700008

    1. accessed January 1, 1970, https://www.christianity.com/wiki/christian-life/what-are-spiritual-disciplines-and-why-are-they-important.html

了解更多关于 Christian Pure 的信息

举行过四次听证会。

继续阅读

RedditWhatsApp
分享至...
复制LinkedInMastodonPinterest打印Reddit短信ThreadsWhatsAppBlueskyVK